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    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/team/tamara-cedre</loc>
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      <image:title>Team - Tamara Cedré - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/team/jonathan-arthurs</loc>
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    <lastmod>2024-06-04</lastmod>
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      <image:title>Team - Jonathan Arthurs - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/team/adrian-metoyer-iii</loc>
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    <lastmod>2024-06-04</lastmod>
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      <image:title>Team - Adrian Metoyer III - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/team/fernanda-durazo</loc>
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    <lastmod>2024-06-04</lastmod>
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      <image:title>Team - Fernanda Durazo - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/team/james-m-dailey</loc>
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    <lastmod>2024-06-04</lastmod>
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      <image:title>Team - James M. Dailey - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/team/rodney-munoz</loc>
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    <lastmod>2024-06-04</lastmod>
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      <image:title>Team - Rodney Muñoz - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/team/jennifer-tilton</loc>
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    <lastmod>2024-06-04</lastmod>
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      <image:title>Team - Jennifer Tilton - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/team/audrey-maier</loc>
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    <lastmod>2024-06-04</lastmod>
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      <image:title>Team - Audrey Maier - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/team/catherine-gudis</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
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    <lastmod>2025-01-28</lastmod>
    <image:image>
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      <image:title>Team - Catherine Gudis - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/team/anthony-victoria</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-01-28</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/1717043735610-35F4TIMBY033U3ZXXV5T/Anthony-Victoria.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Team - Anthony Victoria - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/team/henry-apodaca</loc>
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    <lastmod>2024-06-04</lastmod>
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      <image:title>Team - Henry Apodaca - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/team/category/Fontana</loc>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/team/category/Eastside</loc>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/team/category/Bloomington</loc>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/team/category/Westside</loc>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/team/category/Mira+Loma</loc>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/team/category/Citrus+Park</loc>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/team/category/South+Colton</loc>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/team/category/St+Marks</loc>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/es/equipo</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-02-07</lastmod>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/es/equipo/tamara-cedre</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-02-05</lastmod>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/1716967797235-WI6PKB26HG2IKS0HFLZN/Tamara-Cedre.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Equipo - Tamara Cedré - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/es/equipo/jonathan-arthurs</loc>
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    <lastmod>2025-02-05</lastmod>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/1716967763202-JG6Q8C9C31CWD592WMWS/Jonathan-Arthurs.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Equipo - Jonathan Arthurs - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/es/equipo/adrian-metoyer-iii</loc>
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    <lastmod>2025-02-05</lastmod>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/1716967641851-0V1RSDNWYYK1XDMAKC4X/Adrian-Metoyer-III.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Equipo - Adrian Metoyer III - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/es/equipo/fernanda-durazo</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-02-05</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/1716967602311-WONUCSF1YY161T4KPX6T/Fernanda-Durazo.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Equipo - Fernanda Durazo - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/es/equipo/james-m-dailey</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-02-05</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/1716967572363-H98QRM5Y0JQA989HGW72/James-M-Dailey.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Equipo - James M. Dailey - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/es/equipo/rodney-munoz</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-02-05</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/1716967719841-YT4EH8SL5RZMQX8A5HO3/Rodney-Munoz.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Equipo - Rodney Muñoz - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/es/equipo/jennifer-tilton</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-02-05</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/1716967522490-BR0X21IQCUXUCP8EJ582/Jen-Tilton.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Equipo - Jennifer Tilton - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/es/equipo/audrey-maier</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-02-05</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/1716967474741-762X6FM83560KIVIPFW6/Audrey-Maier.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Equipo - Audrey Maier - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/es/equipo/catherine-gudis</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-02-05</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/1716967508943-B7FRJ9FEOMHEW9S0FUDR/Catherine-Gudis.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Equipo - Catherine Gudis - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/es/equipo/anthony-victoria</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-02-05</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/1717043735610-35F4TIMBY033U3ZXXV5T/Anthony-Victoria.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Equipo - Anthony Victoria - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/es/equipo/henry-apodaca</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-02-05</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/1717039316548-4TSYNCVPVSSP22VKDBIC/Henry-Apodaca.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Equipo - Henry Apodaca - Make it stand out</image:title>
      <image:caption>Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/es/equipo/category/Bloomington</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/es/equipo/category/Eastside</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/es/equipo/category/Fontana</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/es/equipo/category/Westside</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/es/equipo/category/Mira+Loma</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/es/equipo/category/Citrus+Park</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/es/equipo/category/South+Colton</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/es/equipo/category/St+Marks</loc>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.5</priority>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/valley-truck-farms</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-02-07</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/513e1b43-778f-44d6-a708-d174838a4fdf/1_SM.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Annette Overstreet &amp; Myrna Overstreet Spear, 2024</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/a3512799-ce79-455b-9d14-98cb360ed92d/1_-24367001-_Deacon-Jackson.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Deacon Donald Jackson and Althea Jackson, 2024</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/45b43c9b-9c84-4b57-b4c1-ec4b48a12a8d/2023.014.012.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>George &amp; Eula Saville were one of the earliest Black families to move to the Valley Truck Farms in 1927. They came to the Valley because their father “loved farming.” They raised their 7 children on their 5-acre plot and stayed in the community until they died in 1988. Looking back at the changes in the Valley since her childhood, Barbara Saville Bland asked. “You wonder how they could destroy a community like that. Wouldn't the community have to give consent? Or could the city just take over? You know, because it's terrible. People had to move.” George Saville at the newly built family home of neighbor Vera White, 1934, courtesy of Vera White Saville</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/cb6b1cb1-1eee-4d28-a402-732e4f72b42d/2_SM.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Overstreet Album, 2024</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/0070c054-4719-479a-bfa3-7ba3e101ac23/01.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Installation of church portraits by Jonathan Arthurs with Historic Landmark sign, St. Mark’s Missionary Baptist Church, July 28, 2024. Photo: Tamara Cedré.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/54073310-6585-4011-85f4-8cc6a334257f/2023.001.005.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>St Mark’s Missionary Baptist Church was founded in 1929, one of the historic churches that has served as the center of community life for generations. St. Mark’s has had only 4 pastors in its 95 years. Pastor Percy Harper embodies this continuity. He grew up in the church just blocks from his home, and has led the congregation since 1986. The church building has served many functions in addition to worship for the congregation. It temporarily housed families displaced by the great flood of 1938 and served as an overflow classroom and auditorium for Mill School through the 1940s, 50s and 60s. The county even ran well-baby clinics at the church. The World Wide Guild, a women’s missionary group, in front of the first St. Mark’s Baptist church building 1940s, courtesy Pastor Percy Harper</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/2748ce6b-052a-45ea-9b0d-8db836df8e42/3_SM.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Truck Yards off Norman, 2024</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/c3202d53-972d-49c3-902a-de4f2e87fe1b/02_Gudis_St.Marks_96th_LunchIMG_2534.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>96th Anniversary Celebration of St. Mark’s, Nov. 17, 2024. Photo: Catherine Gudis.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/35153964-9b7a-4894-a027-f317b51a5960/2_000193970008_Juliette_Lynch.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Juliette Lynch, 2024</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/5a7a63f0-03bf-4e34-a03f-57f081aea969/4_SM.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Norman Avenue, 2024</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/fa5c1e98-a1c4-4c2f-8bd8-025366e44364/03.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Photographer Jonathan Arthurs working on photo installation, July 26, 2024. Photo: Tamara Cedré.</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>“We had cows, chickens, rabbits. We had a giant garden… Everything. Most of the things that we ate, we raised, and we all grew up healthy that way….I never went to the doctor because we ate fresh non-pesticide food. And all my brothers and sisters, we all stayed healthy until we left home.” —Rennie Green Edmund Greene remembers milking his neighbor’s cows for a share of the milk, and getting okra from neighbors that you couldn’t buy at the store. “If we had extra stuff, we’d drop it by people's houses that we knew needed it.” In 1972, in an effort to combat poverty, neighbors developed the Valley Truck Farms Community Center Corporation to formalize this sharing economy. In the summer of 1975 they received a grant to employ 200 young people who learned gardening from community elders and shared the produce with needy families. The San Bernardino Sun celebrated how “young and old joined hands to build a garden oasis.” Garfield Hinchen with his grandchildren visiting the animals on the farm, courtesy Janice Wilson</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Pastor Percy Harper, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Visitors Star and Aicheria Bell (left and right) with Jeanice Inghram who grew up in the Valley, July 28, 2024. Photo: Catherine Gudis.</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Annette Overstreet and Myrna Overstreet Spear, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Excel-All Women’s group was founded by Espanola Larkin and other women in the Valley community in the 1950s. As reported in the Valley Truck Farms Scrapbook, "Their Lincoln Avenue Clubhouse hosted children's plays, music functions, and Saturday night entertainment." They also helped mobilize the community to vote and support the schools. From 1947 to 1960, Mrs. Larkin also wrote, typed, and distributed a monthly one to three page newspaper called The Valley Scroll. Excel-All Women’s group with Eula Saville, Mrs. Larkin, Alice Sneed, Mrs. Jackson, and other as yet unidentified community members, courtesy Donald Jackson</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Hymnal, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Installation of archival and new photographs of the church and congregation by Tamara Cedré, 2024. Photo: Audrey Maier.</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>St. Mark's Missionary Baptist Church, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Screening in the church sanctuary of Valley Truck Farms video by Tamara Cedré, 2024. Photo: Catherine Gudis.</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Deacon and Bobbie Owens (Faithful Covenant Missionary Baptist Church), 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Valley Truck Farms was home to many entrepreneurs. Some started small businesses like candy stores or hair salons out of their homes and neighborhood store fronts. Ola McDowell and her husband ran McDowell’s Cafe on the corner of Waterman Ave. and Norman Road in the 1940s and 50s. Later the Overstreets would run Spotlight Cafe and several other businesses at Waterman &amp; Central. “The buildings are all gone. We had the cafe. We had a store. We had a pool hall. We had a printing shop and we had a barber shop... And the city had us tear those buildings down.” —Annette Overstreet Annette Overstreet cutting hair in the small salon that she ran from her own home, courtesy Annette Overstreet</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>St. Mark's Lobby, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Member of the congregation with a photo of herself as a child living in Valley Truck Farms, July 28, 2024. Photo: Catherine Gudis.</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Sunday Service, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Families from Valley Truck Farms reminisce over historic photos, July 28, 2024. Photo: Audrey Maier.</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Ja-Nair Johnson, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>By the 1940s, Dorothy Inghram became a teacher and then principal at Mill School. She demanded excellence, recruited Black teachers, and helped pave the paths to higher education for many students. Ms. Inghram resisted the implicit limitations placed on too many Black children. “We were being taught how to clean houses. Now, that was what ticked her off big time. So eventually she got everybody together, and it was kind of like, 'You are going to learn. You will read. You will not tell me No." You know, and so it was just kind of a big deal.” —Irma Jackson Forward After the second Black teacher was hired, most white students fled the school until the San Bernardino School District began to refuse the transfers. Mill School was closed in 1968 as noise pollution escalated from Norton Air Force Base and officials worried that the flight path put the school at risk. “The day I saw that they tore the school down, it actually brought tears to my eyes because that was the last vestige of my childhood.” —Dennis Green Second grade Mill School class photo from 1947, courtesy Annette Overstreet</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Church Doors Opening Out to Warehouses, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Celebration of Valley Trucks Farms at St. Mark’s, with Deacon Donald Jackson at left and, in the background (left), the home he grew up in, now one of the few remaining original Valley houses, 2024. Photo: Jonathan Arthurs.</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>The community really invested in young people. Greta Mixon visited with neighbors Mr. and Mrs. Merrill Harper, who had a pig farm across from their home. “I remember even in college, when I would come home on break, I would come over. Hey, mom, how are you doing? Drop my stuff off. I'd go across the street and sit out in that front little porch area. They would tell me everything that was going on in the Valley.” —Greta Greene Mixon “I think all of us were affected in a good way, by the community that we had, growing up with some of the older people, and the wisdom that they had. I remember when I was leaving for college….Some of the older people you know how they give you gifts… I got handkerchiefs from them. I got money from them. But always what you got from them, this is gonna make me cry now, um, was a send off that said, “We didn't get a chance to go to college, but you do. Remember that and do well.” And that was their send off…” —Denise Brue-Clopton Community gathering in Valley yard to share the catch from a fishing trip, courtesy Janice Wilson</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Pulpit, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Deborah Harper, Deacon Jackson, and Althea Jackson at celebration of Valley Trucks Farms at St. Mark’s, July 28, 2024. Photo: Jonathan Arthurs.</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Sharon Saunders, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>The Valley was a checkerboard of city and county land. Neither invested in infrastructure for the rural neighborhood. Roads remained mostly dirt without sidewalks or street lighting and the community had to advocate for recreation facilities. Some, less desirable, investments in the neighborhood came more readily. In the 1970s, residents complained about the stench from the city’s nearby sewage treatment plant that was located in the Valley. In the early 1990s a hazardous waste transfer station was built on a residential street in the community. Girl on Valley Truck Farms property, Greene Family Photo Album, courtesy Edmund Greene</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Cross, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Adrian Metoyer III, Chef Spank, Pastor Percy Harper, and Trap Kitchen at St. Mark’s celebration, July 28, 2024. Photo: Jonathan Arthurs.</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Cold War military industries, with Norton Air Base and Kaiser Steel, expanded job opportunities for many Valley residents. Norton also degraded the environment of the Valley and threatened homes and schools. New EPA regulations passed in 1969 banned federal housing assistance in areas with high noise, which impacted many communities in the Norton flightpath. Cities like Redlands got the flight paths shifted to protect FHA loans and future residential development. Close to the Air Base, the Valley didn’t have similar political advocates protecting the residential community. "During the Vietnam War when the jets were loaded, they would take off three at a time, and they would fly so low in the neighborhood that you could actually see the pilot's helmets in the cockpit. Certain streets couldn't have the TV antennas mounted on the roof of the house. They put them on the side of the house because the planes came that low and they were loaded, going to Vietnam.” —Rennie Green C-114 Starliner, 1980, courtesy of National Archives</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Pastor Harper, who has served St. Mark’s since 1987, at the 96th church anniversary celebration, Nov. 17, 2024. Photo: Catherine Gudis.</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Margie Cooper, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>As early as 1952, Irma Jackson Forward remembered that her mom’s boss, the president of a downtown bank, told her that the city had plans for Valley Truck Farms. When she mentioned plans to maybe move, he warned, “Wait before you sell so that you can get the most for your money…cause all of this is going to be industrial.” By the mid 1970s, homeowners struggled to access federal funds for residential rehabilitation because of the proximity to the airport. As more of the Valley became incorporated into the city, Dennis Green remembers, “Everybody’s property taxes start going up because of the new commercial zoning on your shack. Because they won't let you remodel it. They won't let you repair it. But now you've got a commercial lot.” Rennie Green remembered how his neighbor worked around the new rules. “She brought a house… in on a truck and dropped it on her property. And the city couldn't do anything about it.” Sally Morris &amp; Maxine Baker Ramsey in front of St. Mark’s Missionary Baptist Church, 1970s, courtesy Annette Overstreet</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Robes, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Pam Malone and Deborah Taylor, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>By the mid 1970s, some neighbors already recognized the writing on the wall that the “area had no future as a residential area.” They organized the South Waterman Homeowner’s Association to help residents navigate the change. At a 1974 meeting with city leaders, Pastor George Scott added, “This is one of the areas left where a profit can be made. These men will see to it that a profit will be made. The question is will you share in it.” “It was planned over a period of time. They take over the area from the county, convert to the city, change the zoning, condemn your property to where you could not make any improvements or rebuild it if it caught on fire. So they could describe it as a blighted area, low value…So you sell your house, they bulldoze it, level the land, and now it's prime commercial property. The first person that turns it over makes no money. The second person that turns it over makes all the money on your livelihood.” —Dennis Green Edmund Greene in his family’s flower garden on Foisy &amp; Norman Road, 1970, courtesy of Edmund Greene</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Benediction, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Mr. and Mrs. Dennis Green, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>“They've wiped out the history and the past of the Valley Truck Farms. It no longer exists because of all of the construction that's going around big box warehouses.” —Dennis Green Even though the historic Valley community is mostly gone, small neighborhoods still stand surrounded by warehouses growing up around the San Bernardino airport. The San Bernardino Airport Communities coalition is mobilizing residents around the old Norton Air Base to improve air quality and fight for better paying jobs that will lift up the surrounding community. Church doors open out to warehouses, courtesy of Tamara Cedré</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Children's Art, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Front Row, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Darlene Jefferson, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>The Great Commission, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Ricky Van and Niece Mylove, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Vera Seville, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Paulene Thomas (seated) and Eugenia Lucus, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Vera's Front Yard, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Carolyn Tillman, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Vera with her Brother in the Front Yard, 1957</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/6c1945d1-e563-482c-baa5-9f1494c1bf6c/15_000194020006_Annette_Brewer_%26_Friend.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Annette Brewer and Pamela Pete, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Vera's Backyard Facing a Truck Yard, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Mariam Williams, 2024</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/2eb8683d-a302-43a7-b3f6-dd7ce89ada36/22_SM.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>White Family Homestead Document, 2024</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/42b91740-7196-4c0a-8318-d5336f49b5cb/17_000194020009_John_Coleman.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>John Coleman, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/3eeeb05d-e7c1-47e6-8458-a1101491a504/23__SM.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>South Waterman, 2024</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/20b8b53b-d5c6-400e-bb35-221b773c9da6/18_000193980002_Janice_Wilson-seated-right_Danisha_Childs-standing-right.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Janice Wilson (seated right), Danisha Childs (standing right), and family, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/e2d9758f-0c32-4dae-945c-36b558d724d8/19_000194010006_Pepper_Harper.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Pepper Harper, 2024</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/df1bc6ff-d781-4b40-ab43-e7c2f9d34ff0/20_000194010010_Murray-Family-Darlo_%26_Tamika_Murray-parents-right-to-left-kids_Darshawna_Noelle_Malaiyah.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tamika and Darlo Murray with Malaiyah, Noelle, and Darshawna, 2024</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/02802b3a-2ef0-4797-9478-1c950698fb9f/21_000194020003_Paulene_Aciero.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Pauline Aciero, 2024</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/9bf123b8-a09d-4ee3-9dfe-6067dcdb2773/22_000194020004_Deborah_Harper_pastors-wife.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Deborah Harper, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/06db1a6e-80a8-493d-bc6d-29b1f7fe8005/24_000194020010_Caroline_Harper.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Caroline Harper, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/edac0dce-36e3-413d-ab73-3dd17cf113dd/25_000194020002_Rhonda_Fair_Cunningham.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Rhonda Fair Cunningham, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/7addc57a-7d80-4c36-bcf0-f50937c9cc77/26_Melba-Redd-portrait_edit.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Melba Redd, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/b85ed24d-92e7-486e-a307-24e5f2561718/24_SM.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Vera's Dad on the Farm, 2024</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/d0dd373f-59e2-4322-b1bb-c392598eb63f/CCC-CAC-LOGOS_IECF-White.png</image:loc>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/colton</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-02-07</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/e9feb2c8-29f2-40b2-9237-2dc720f70b26/Colton_Flag_1917-Mt-Slover-.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Tahualtapa is Hill of the Ravens in the Cahuilla creation story…going back 10,000 years.” —Henry Vasquez Settlers and the extractive industries they built displaced Native people, destroyed their sacred mountain, and denied their long standing presence in Colton. They killed the native flora and fauna, including the grizzly bears which once lived on the mountain, and mined the mountain for its limestone and marble. In 1917, as the U.S. entered World War I, a 30-foot American flag was raised on Mt. Slover, becoming one of only three places where the flag was permitted to be flown at night. Planting the flag was a patriotic gesture but also a colonial one, visually claiming the space as America’s and denying Indigenous claims to the land. “Unfurling of Colton’s Liberty Flag is a Wondrous Spectacle,” San Bernardino Daily Sun, 1917</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/f042b02c-01ef-427b-8771-484f3d24088a/Colton_1.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Howard Kelly Colton Plant, Riverside Portland Cement Co., Mt. Slover, 1954 Reproduction, archival pigment print Kelly-Holiday Mid-Century Aerial Collection, Los Angeles Public Library</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/5103007f-0db2-42f0-8eb1-4be81a4d6210/ACFrOgBDAPOe3XGXInfmNUVUDzHQCafnofLdW4IZqyjDDhhptHqFihKh6sQEZIcYR0ScrF2q9lN2cPo1WB_OjuUJpxoci5xUcejPfvkCtpcK4m5PAcsL16ubrKl3y7BUmJviYhp446BR4r2sTd_Jd-r9F757vQyUX0RT-1stK</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>As early as the 1850s marble and limestone were quarried from Mt. Slover. Mining operations grew when the California Portland Cement Company became the first such plant west of the Mississippi in 1891. The mountain provided raw materials that literally built the region, its concrete the face of the mission revival architectural style that dominated Southern California and the base of the streets and highways throughout the region. Mt. Slover’s mining operation continued until 2009, supplying materials for the post WWII construction boom. 1890s postcard showing the “New” Cement plant in Colton, private collection</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/aa0100d8-7bcc-446e-a72a-91cdaf4c1d33/Colton_2.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>G. Haven Bishop Power Consumers, Portland Cement Works, Southern California Edison, 1910 Reproduction, archival pigment print The Huntington Library, San Marino, California</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/fb3d5fcf-4594-4534-9527-4c5753009159/Colton_3.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>G. Haven Bishop Colton Cement Aerial, Southern California Edison, 1955 Reproduction, archival pigment print The Huntington Library, San Marino, California</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/b726b275-b27c-450c-b53c-55e49c2640e0/ChuckVasquez_003.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>CalPort Cement, like Colton’s other industries, relied on the city’s robust railway infrastructure. The Santa Fe and Southern Pacific Railroads intersect at the Colton Crossing. It was the distribution hub of the region, transporting cement, citrus, and other goods across the state and the nation. While the rail lines connected industries, they divided the community. The area south of the tracks became the “Mexican side of town” for decades. “Having the tracks there and then the freeway it just solidified the division for, for a long time… It created a de facto segregation of North and South Colton. Colton Police actually enforced it. …They still would say, ‘You're on the wrong side of the tracks to get back to your side of town.’” —Frank Acosta Colton’s railyard c. 1940, courtesy Chuck Vasquez</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/8f465ecb-9f29-4726-95bc-6fee60ef5702/42979_002.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>“The mountain wasn’t that far away. But you could hear a siren going off. After that you could hear a blast. Visually you could see from a distance this puff go up in the air. And then you could hear, seconds later depending on how far you were away, a kaboom. And that would float all over Colton. Just very fine dust.” —Oscar Colunga To mine Mt. Slover, CalPort Cement used heavy machinery and explosives. In 1928, the earth shook so strongly that Colton residents thought there was an earthquake. It was a routine explosion that displaced 750,000 tons of rocks. Colton residents were all affected by the mining operation. The fine particulate matter and other air pollution from local industry, agriculture, and smog are likely the cause of some of the community’s chronic health problems like those of Oscar’s mother, Victoria. “My mother had asthma and at times it was real, real bad. And it was constant, which was also crippling in a way. I think a lot of that cement dust was not good for the residents around there.” Dust plume at California Portland Cement, courtesy of Special Collections &amp; University Archives, UC Riverside</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/39b58fcd-e088-4ead-bb64-dd5bb3e36ce8/Colton_4.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Unfurling of Colton’s Liberty Flag is a Wondrous Spectacle,” San Bernardino Daily Sun, 1917 Reproduction on dibond Courtesy of San Bernardino Daily Sun</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/727e2b7a-2acc-4ea4-b573-43c308166a0e/The_San_Bernardino_County_Sun_Sun__Mar_11__1951_%282%29.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>During the first 14 years of production, the CalPort Cement Co. faced lawsuits by surrounding landowners due to the impacts of dust on crops and people. The “explosion of dynamite interferes with the peaceful enjoyment of the land,” complained one neighbor. As a settlement, CalPort Cement bought them out, purchasing 120 acres of orange groves. The company also installed new “dust retainers” that still did not solve the dust problem. The plant continued to operate the groves for decades, not necessarily for profit but to maintain a romantic view that heavy industry could coexist with an edenic landscape. The cover image advertising the National Orange Show juxtaposes Mt. Slover’s industry and puff of cement dust with the orderly lines of orange trees. Regional boosters often promoted the region’s seeming harmony between “nature” and industry. Cover, Sun Telegram March 11, 1951, courtesy of Ben Sakaguchi</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/2651de69-e0d2-4425-baf2-59d6fb7c8b86/Colton_5.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tamara Cedré Liberty Unfurled, 2024 Archival pigment print Courtesy of the artist</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/8c1dc87f-69ea-49fe-bffd-fa52ad879891/42979_001.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Labor conditions at CalPort Cement were often unsafe. Workers would tunnel into the mountain to transport carts full of limestone and other valuable minerals. Workers experienced poor ventilation, dust inhalation, and in the most catastrophic of incidents, cave-ins. “He was a miner in the deep part of the cement plant. They didn’t have the aluminum hats at that point in time. They were working down there and they heard this rumble, and they knew — they knew. And he started running to get away from this avalanche, and a rock hit him and knocked him out. All of a sudden he felt something hitting his face and he put his hand to his face and it was blood. He looked over there and there was his friend, a rock had decapitated him and his heart was still beating, and it was through the blood in his face, and that’s what woke him up.” —Adam Ornelas, sharing a story told to him by a CalPort laborer. CalPort miner emerging from the tunnels, courtesy of Special Collections &amp; University Archives, UC Riverside</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/fe9cc98a-f131-44ec-90e1-cb40a885360d/Colton_6.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tamara Cedré Postcards from Colton Cement Works, 2024 Archival pigment print Courtesy of the artist</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/281e86ae-bf39-4a3e-86f1-75fec5935fd5/Asociacion-de-Trabajadores-Unidos.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Plant workers fought for better working conditions and higher pay at the cement plant, as they did in railroads and other industries in the region. In 1917, Mexican workers with Trabajados Unidos went on strike. Tom Rivera explained, “They formed a strike against the cement plant because they were not getting as much salary paid as the white persons were. So they went on strike for a couple of months, and they won that strike.” Not all strikes were won, and being a part of the union could put one’s livelihood in danger. “At that time, my Father was beginning to get involved in unionizing, and of course, the cement plant didn’t appreciate that…there was such fear in the life of those men working there. It was their livelihood and they didn’t want to lose it, so they didn’t back him up.” —Teresa Elena Constant Asociación de Trabajadores Unidos, Colton, 1917, courtesy of Mark Ocegueda</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/96006701-9fd6-4c84-a0b5-a7227cd036c4/Colton_7.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tamara Cedré The Leveled Top of Mt. Slover, 2024 Archival pigment print Courtesy of the artist</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/833b7a37-ee40-4a87-beff-82da5d414587/43058.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>In the post-war era there were mounting concerns over health and safety at the plant, as well as pressure by the EPA to control emissions. These concerns persisted until the plant’s closure in 2009. “I think [my father] worked in the area where they did all the blasting because that’s how he had his accident. And he suffered from that for the rest of his life. It never healed.” —Henry Vasquez Miner standing in a Cal Port blast zone, courtesy of Special Collections &amp; University Archives, UC Riverside</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/ebbdd490-3d83-43bd-ad29-9d074f6b7b3b/Colton_8.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tamara Cedré Limestone Gravel, 2024 Archival pigment print Courtesy of the artist</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/4f63a36d-820f-4fb2-894f-15bb70de4446/2023.016.029.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Despite patterns of segregation and labor exploitation South Colton was a thriving neighborhood with over a dozen local markets, active civic organizations, and cultural celebrations. The landscape of cement was the playground for family picnics and sporting events. Concrete pipes were even painted different colors and installed at local parks. Family members pose for a snapshot in one of the concrete pipes by Hydro Conduit, courtesy of the extended Colunga family.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/af6145e1-c98f-4b44-a6aa-69c3a6421ab8/Colton_9.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Colton Chamber of Commerce Colton The Hub City, 1914 Reproduction on dibond Private collection</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/627b6f50-0f14-4bb5-8480-2e5ff5ee103c/2023.016.037.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>While residents voiced concerns about health and safety, the cement plant worked to assuage public opinion through philanthropy. The company donated land for South Colton’s Veterans Park in 1939, sponsored bowling and baseball teams, and hosted parade floats. CalPort also sponsored the Dieciséis de Septiembre (16th of September) celebrations in which South Colton residents proudly celebrated Mexican Independence Day. A fixture of the event was the election of one local girl as Queen. Veterans Park was a crucial space for community building and resilience in a segregated city. The 1945 Dieciséis de Septiembre Queen and her court, courtesy of the extended Colunga family.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/d1cae41a-0623-466a-bd18-72bed234fd47/Colton_10.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Sunset Route to Colton Station, 1949 Gelatin silver print photograph Private collection</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/d3ac9a31-257c-4a8d-84f9-a7ccc5a7fd96/Colton_7.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Mt. Slover is now leveled after over a century of mining operations. The plant ceased operations in 2009. BNSF Railway owns the land, which it uses as a holding area for shipping containers stacked high, as if mimicking the terraced appearance of the halfway mined mountain. Tamara Cedré, The Leveled Top of Mt. Slover, 2024, courtesy Tamara Cedré</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/985d0d0d-7272-4129-8a1b-f70161584443/SouthColton_TamaraCedre.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>In 2020, BNSF proposed to build a new intermodal rail facility on the property in order to redirect more freight through the Inland Empire and free up other tracks for California’s High Speed Rail Project. The plan met with concern from residents in the historically burdened area of South Colton, and is not going forward. What happens next is not clear. Tamara Cedré, Aerial of Colton Rail Corridors, 2024, courtesy of the artist</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/236e5dcc-e740-4096-8f47-fbefbec5aa56/Colton_12.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tamara Cedré Agua Mansa Pioneer Cemetery in Industrial Corridor, 2024 Archival pigment print Courtesy of the artist</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/49fe9be1-e317-4d13-b6be-b4662a72c66c/Colton_11.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tamara Cedré Colton Crossing, 2024 Archival pigment print Courtesy of the artist</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/b5825481-6df6-462e-aef6-820dc7ca2d6d/Colton_13.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Colunga Family Snapshots from South Colton, 1945-54 Reproduction, archival pigment print Courtesy of the Colunga extended family</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/51406f51-5bd0-44ff-80ad-6900acbfc436/Colton_14.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tamara Cedré Colton Corridors, 2024 Archival pigment prints Courtesy of the artist</image:caption>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/fontana</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-02-07</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/0343a98a-189c-4f0b-88df-1324ba5be184/WomenFeedingBabypig_Fontana_1935_LAPL_00069321_photos_107441_large.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>“From Pigs to Pig Iron!” —Kaiser Steel Mill slogan, 1943 Fontana in the 20th century was an early agribusiness promoted through romanticized imagery. By the 1910s and 20s the town was planted with 95,000 citrus trees and acreage devoted to chickens, rabbits, and the world’s biggest hog farm. Its pastoral appearance could be deceiving. “Old-timers remember the competing stenches from the excrement and the garbage,” according to Ernie Garcia. L.A. shipped its trash here to feed the pigs, whose manure then fertilized the groves. Fontana’s seasonal employment at harvest time included immigrant workers from many nations. Sherman Institute, the off-reservation Native American boarding school in Riverside, also sent hundreds of Indigenous youth to work at Fontana’s farms. Photo: Hog ranch, Fontana, c. 1935, courtesy Los Angeles Public Library, Earl Powell Chamber of Commerce Photo Collection</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/df03c89a-8b77-4cec-9da7-fc3c740c5615/FONTANA-1.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Electrostatic Precipitators at Kaiser Steel, American Heritage Publishing Archive, 1959  Reproduction from negative, gelatin silver print photographs Private collection</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/f9f1526d-afc3-403f-a98a-514a0c7ed512/LowResKaiserBlastFurnaceOrangeGrovesHagley.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Fontana Steel Will Build a New World!” Fontana Herald-News, January 7, 1940 Fontana’s 2.5-acre lots were large enough for a garden and hen house. They promised settlers self-sufficiency and a reprieve from the smokestacks of urban industrial life back East. Until 1942 at least. Kaiser tried to set his mill apart from other steel towns. He promoted the aesthetics and landscaping, suggesting the mill was in harmony with citrus groves. Citrus grower Minnie Luksich was among those who weren’t convinced. She had opposed locating the plant in Fontana, fearing the emissions. She later said “We didn’t have money to do one thing about it.” Eventually she got a job there. Photo: Blast Furnace, Kaiser Steel, 1944, American Iron and Steel Institute, courtesy Hagley Library and Museum</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/79359199-e4df-4807-aec2-af7527395aaa/FONTANA-2.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Steelworkers Strike at Kaiser Steel Plant, Associated Press, 1959 Reproduction, archival pigment print Private collection</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/ec41321e-0e66-476a-9ed7-f1b43dbaad2b/LowResKaiserSteelFontanaAerialHagley.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>In 1950, more than 5000 acres of orchard and vineyard land surrounding the Kaiser plant was put on sale by an L.A. realtor, for “private, defense industry development.” Cold War military expansion at nearby air bases continued the market for steel. The smoke in the press photo draws attention, though, to environmental issues Kaiser faced from the start. The height of the smokestacks aimed to lift the fumes up and away. It didn’t work. Some locals saw the towering smokestacks as polluting the valley and destroying its crops and way of life. Others put it bluntly, as one ex-steelworker later said: "Hell, that smoke was our prosperity.” Aerial view of Fontana with Kaiser Steel at center, 1951, © U.S. Chamber of Commerce, courtesy of Hagley Museum and Library</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/88118f00-3bbe-48ab-b653-b4fd54b1add3/FONTANA-3.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Xerox of Richard Serra’s Stacked Steels Slabs (Skullcracker Series), 1969, constructed at Kaiser Steel, Fontana, in Maurice Tuchman, A Report on the Art &amp; Technology Program of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1967-71, 1971 Reproduction on dibond Private collection</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/1efa92e4-2ed3-4562-9f45-48b0ea7573c5/ag1982_0233_1950_10_eaglemt_013_01079.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>From 1948, Kaiser mill was fed by iron ore mined from Eagle Mountain, adjacent to today’s Joshua Tree National Park in the Mohave Desert. Kaiser created an entire company town to work there, tapping water from the Park to keep residents’ lawns green and the community pool open. His crews laid 52 miles of tracks for his private railcars to carry ore from the mine to the Southern Pacific line at Ferrum (near the Salton Sea) to Fontana. It also served as a tourist destination. The ranch houses and bungalows at Eagle Mountain still stand, as a ghost town. Park advocates resisted plans for the land to be used as a waste dump. The current owners have not revealed their intent for the property. Here’s the part of the excursion on the Eagle Mt. railroad of Kaiser from Ferrum up to the mine, 1950. © Richard Steinheimer, courtesy of DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/96a9bf81-a8f7-4c36-9483-0cf884520ebc/FONTANA-4.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Structural Steel Erection at Kaiser Steel, Frashers Fotos, 1952 Reproduction, archival pigment print Private collection</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/15b90b34-d23e-4803-a044-3b899934de0e/1990.0024.0180.0005.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Both iron mining and steelmaking are water and energy intensive, using fossil fuels to create hot enough temperatures to smelt iron and coal into steel. Kaiser Steel never contributed to the city’s tax base. It remained unincorporated with its own water and power systems. Its toxic emissions and wastewater did not stay so confined. Rather, the mill released huge quantities of arsenic, chromium, lead, and other hazardous air pollutants into nearby communities. “Think Safety” reads the sign on the wall next to the enormous furnace, across the bridge from the Lilliputian at right, c. 1958. Will Connell Collection, courtesy California Museum of Photography, University of California, Riverside</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/4b857bbe-e91f-4e93-ac67-804d455f80f2/FONTANA-5.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tamara Cedré Kaiser Steel Mill Looking Northwest, 2024 Archival pigment print Courtesy of the artist</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/1717546284799-957VSX1GNQQ3IIGJ7Z8V/LoRes_Vigilante_Terror_in_Fontana.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Fontana became home to an uneasy mix of people as thousands poured in and struggled to find housing. They lived in temporary dormitories, trailers on and off Kaiser grounds, and their cars. Racial restrictions confined Black families north of Foothill Blvd. Latinos were concentrated south of I-10. Blue-collar whites were in the center of town. From 1943 through 1964, braceros from Mexico filled agricultural jobs opened by people sent to war and into better union positions. The stark color line and history of Klan activity in the area led to violence in December 1945 when O’Day Short moved with his family to Fontana to start a new job at Kaiser Steel, settling in a white neighborhood. They were visited by vigilantes, likely Klansmen, and the Fontana Chamber of Commerce offered to buy them out. A few nights later, a fire consumed the house, killing the family of four. Though witnesses claimed it was arson, and an NAACP investigator also deemed it so, the grand jury refused to allow witnesses on the stand and the DA labeled the fire an accident. Vigilante Terror in Fontana, 1946, courtesy Bancroft Library</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/07b1f681-2cb7-4b1e-9c4d-a938a29bbad7/FONTANA-6.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tamara Cedré Kaiser Steel General Catalog, 2024 Archival pigment print Courtesy of the artist</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/21226b57-2ee6-41da-82b3-2c576b0a2f90/2023.011.015.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Now, back in the day, they generally gave our kind of people dirty, nasty jobs. And so you had to endure those. But the one thing about it, unions, security and union seniority kind of prevailed.” —Dennis Green In the 1940s and 50s as industrial jobs grew, Black workers found new opportunities, but remained confined to the most hazardous, hot, and toxic work. Many men from San Bernardino worked for Kaiser Steel, as did 3 generations of the Green family, starting with Ernest Green. He brought his Pittsburgh steel mill experience to their new life in California. Until legal mandates were in place in the 1960s, job placement for Blacks remained restricted to the worst jobs. Herbert Green when he retired from Kaiser Steel in 1978 after 45 years in the industry, courtesy Dennis Green</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/288bcc79-5fb3-42f0-95f3-6a13ca625c63/FONTANA-7.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Pat Le Roy (Secretary, 19 years old), sitting on grass in front of Administration building at Kaiser Steel Mill in Fontana, 1952 Reproduction, archival pigment print USC Digital Library, Los Angeles Examiner Photographs Collection</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/0088e957-b51e-45df-9e34-888a3e5fe7ec/FONTANA-8.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Eagle Mountain Mine—Housing Area, Mine and Beneficiation Plant in Background, c. 1948 Gelatin silver print photograph Fontana Historical Society</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/a091f2a4-c9ce-4f88-b1d9-d5795c7d6fd0/kaiserstrike.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Kaiser Steel needs a motor tune-up in its hiring policies…Unemployment is high and few Negroes are being hired…The few hired are put on as laborers despite whatever skills they might have, and are sent to the least desirable and dirtiest jobs — in the foundry, blast furnace or coke oven.” —California Eagle, 1959 Kaiser saw himself as a benevolent industrialist, recognizing that healthcare and bonuses were a way to keep workers loyal. But frequent layoffs also meant these jobs didn’t always lead to economic stability. The 105-day industry-wide steelworkers strike of 1959 had such issues at its core. Some, like Raymond Robinson, Kaiser’s Director of Public Affairs, when interviewed in 1976 felt this was the beginning of the end. “As a result of that strike, the Japanese got a strong foothold in our steel market. Prior to that time, only two percent or so of the steel consumed in the seven western states…came from overseas. During that long period when our customers couldn't buy steel, they began to buy it from the Japanese. That's where it got started.” Fontana steelworkers return to work, UPI photograph, Oct. 27, 1959, private collection</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/cd2f1f52-eab9-46ea-9172-aef43c0f99d9/Warehousese-and-Freeways-Fontana-Capture.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Kaiser Steel declared bankruptcy in 1983, sold its machinery to a Chinese company, and slowly sold its property holdings. Aerial maps of Fontana today reveal how industrial and warehouse uses have replaced steel manufacture, with a corresponding loss of union jobs with benefits. Freeways and railways that facilitated distribution for the steel industry now speed up the movement of all kinds of goods to and from warehouses. Distribution centers cluster along and at the intersections of the 10, 15, and 60 freeways. South of the 10 is especially dense with warehouses, truck yards and truck stops. South Fontana Concerned Citizens Coalition is among the community groups that have opposed warehouses being built next to schools, trucks rumbling through their neighborhoods, and the poor road and air quality. After California’s Attorney General filed a lawsuit against the City, a community benefit fund was set up to “mitigate environmental impact.” It does not stop new construction. Aerial view of warehouses clustered at junction of I-10 &amp; I-15, including the NASCAR racetrack that took over a portion of the former Kaiser Steel property, courtesy ESRI Aerial Basemap.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Mojave Desert Ore Dravo, 1965 Advertisement Private collection</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/b74603f1-18ed-4be6-b034-4677f90b29f3/truckyard_VTF.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Trucks and warehouses have altered the state of work and the landscape of Fontana. Maninder Singh is a truck driver from Punjab who lives in the neighborhood. He’s among those in his family that began arriving in Fontana in the late 1980s, joining the tens of thousands who, with Mexican and Central American drivers, constitute about half of all truckers in California. Singh explains, “In the beginning when the Amazon warehouses first came in [to Fontana], they had no restrictions on where the trucks could go. You couldn’t even get out of your driveway. And right when you left the community, there’s a friggin' line of trucks just to go anywhere.” Singh chalks it up to a lack of municipal accountability, claiming that the city approves zoning changes, takes property, and turns around to sell it to warehouse developers. “These big companies," he says, “are just buying up all the land in Fontana.” One of numerous truck yards in Fontana, 2024, photo by Tamara Cedré, courtesy of the artist</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/df09c552-3365-4eef-b332-25a1432f44a2/FONTANA-10.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tamara Cedré Eagle Mountain Company Town, 2024 Archival pigment print Courtesy of the artist</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/987a76cc-2d11-4322-b689-377ee5098ba2/FONTANA-11.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tamara Cedré Warehouses on Almond Avenue, Fontana, 2024 Archival pigment print Courtesy of the artist</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/c3493366-8647-4675-968d-f1ed66ad58b0/FONTANA-12.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Fontana Travelodge, 1959 Advertising brochure Private collection</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/ca2a2cf9-077b-434d-8467-aec7d55ac6b4/FONTANA-13.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tamara Cedré Fontana Travel Log, 2024 Archival pigment print Courtesy of the artist</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/eastside-riv</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-02-07</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/c009305a-ebb9-4b99-957e-1561353eaf4e/LivefromtheFrontline_Eastside_infrastructure.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>In the late 19th century, the citrus industry made Riverside wealthy, with the highest per capita income in the U.S. Irrigation canals, packinghouses, and the transcontinental railways formed the backbone of the region's industrial agriculture.</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/aa358cce-4dbb-4e78-a705-ef778a4ea723/2_Aerial_View_Santa_Fe_RR_Riverside_master-pnp-habshaer-ca-ca1600-ca1674-photos-036465pu.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>The infrastructure of the citrus industry laid the groundwork for today’s supply chain logistics, which is the second biggest business in the state. Three different train lines, an irrigation canal, and a palm-tree-lined avenue once ran parallel along Commerce St. The corridor also included freight and passenger depots and a multitude of spurs and platforms for cars to load fruit from the adjacent packinghouses. Aerial view of Commerce St., with Santa Fe Station in center, 1968. Historic American Engineering Record, Library of Congress.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/41c67cfd-5367-4e62-bea0-ae923d93e066/1a_Train-through-Groves_CG.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Visitors to Riverside and other citrus belt cities circulated brightly colored postcards of golden fruit, verdant groves, and snow-capped mountains. These images celebrated an imagined harmony between innovative technology, profitable industry, and cultivated nature. They also highlighted Southern California’s distinction from other industrial cities. Postcard, “Traveling through the Orange Groves, in Riverside, California,” 1910s. Courtesy C. Gudis.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/6e15d4e1-ddeb-4249-9c88-a6991d813bc5/img20170716_14363858.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Trains carried passengers as well as citrus fruit. To entice tourists, Riversiders emphasized a fantasy heritage of Spanish Dons and sultry Señoritas in their dress and city architecture. “Greet ‘Em with Oranges” opening of Union Pacific station promotional photo by Riverside Chamber of Commerce, 1926. Museum of Riverside.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/9809a437-16bd-4861-8c10-0f79ebb4941b/A--Cleaning-the-Canal-ca-1895-001.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>The now-covered Gage Canal runs parallel to the train tracks along Commerce St. The irrigation canal enabled citrus production to double soon after it was completed in the late 1880s. Open canals collected sand, mud, and plants, requiring periodic closure and cleanup, as these youth had to do in 1920. Eastsiders played in the canal (despite the dangers) until it was covered over. Black youth cleaning Gage Canal (1920), Museum of Riverside.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/a2272ee3-2df0-4158-ae59-fca3540375f9/14399b.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>The historic industrial citrus corridor included cold storage and machine shops like the Iron Works brick building, just south at Vine St. This photo demonstrates the newly invented clamp truck manufactured there. The new processing and refrigeration technologies sped up production creating an efficient citrus supply chain. Man loading train car with clamp truck, 1930s. Special Collections &amp; University Archives, UC Riverside</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/7e4d80cc-4752-413b-8396-fa078c52d1eb/LivefromtheFrontline_Eastside_packinghouses.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>A few dilapidated 19th-century warehouses are all that remain of the once-booming citrus packinghouse industrial district along historic Pachappa Ave (Commerce St. today). From here, oranges and other citrus fruits were transported across the nation and to the world, much in the same way that Amazon and other big box warehouses transport goods to stores and consumers.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/a89ceb5c-e744-44b1-8728-ac56ca348cf0/IMG_0937.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Gilmore’s Trucks” reads the sign on the warehouse at the corner of 5th and Commerce for the now-shuttered structure. Built in the 1890s as a citrus packinghouse, serving Pachappa, Strachan, and other fruit growers, the building is desolate. Its likely future is either demolition by neglect or razing for redevelopment. View of the corner of Fifth and Commerce St., Riverside, 2023, courtesy of Henry Apodaca</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/32f8f1d1-ebab-4194-b794-6274226c9af6/20_View_Facade_Natl_Orange_Co_Packing_House_3604-Commerce-St-Riverside_master-pnp-habshaer-ca-ca1600-ca1677-color-570763cu.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Unfortunately, all that’s left of the National Orange Co. Packing House on Commerce St. is a vacant lot and an old loading dock. Opened in 1898, it was the world’s oldest operating packinghouse when it burned down in 2001. A few blocks away, Blue Banner Co., on Third St., is the only citrus packing house still operating in the historic district. Historic American Engineering Record, National Orange Company packinghouse, 1968, Library of Congress</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/ef515bf1-22e0-4403-a528-b7bfaa69a69b/Sutherland-Fruit-Co--Interior--Tourist-Area-001.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Sutherland Fruit Company’s false front Mission Revival style packinghouse still stands (Old Spaghetti Factory, 3191 Mission Inn Ave.). It was where tourists could watch fruit packing in action from a specially constructed elevated deck. Afterwards, visitors could sample fruit and ship it home. Sutherland Fruit Co. packinghouse interior, visitor’s reception room, 1890s, Museum of Riverside.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/80094eb0-0e9e-4c87-9da9-6a05b85ff7f8/ChineseLaborersDevinePHRiverside.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Chinese laborers lent their expertise to the growing citrus industry in the late nineteenth century. They pose for this photo at F. B. Devine packinghouse at 6th and Pachappa / Commerce in 1888. Chinese workers and, in the center background in white shirtsleeves, C.G. Warren,1888. Special Collections &amp; University Archives, UC Riverside.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/0f557341-9607-4a9b-865a-3aad17dcb707/Chicana-Packers-720dpi-001.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Since at least the 1920s Latinas worked in citrus packinghouses. In the 1930s they were paid 33 cents a box. By World War II they performed the majority of packinghouse labor. Often women formed close relationships while working on the line. Lupe Vasquez, Margaret Rodriguez, and Elsie Frogge of Riverside, 1940s. Museum of Riverside.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/e1c2f9d9-292e-4f06-a473-0bfcbd0bccee/2-packing-house-broad-view-line-of-women.png</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>“I had an aunt that used to work there, and sometimes I would ask her, ‘How do you wrap those oranges so fast?’ [She] says, Mija, we just put the orange in the paper in our hand, and then the orange and twist them, and then put it in the box.“ — Esther Ambriz Latinas are still the primary labor for sorting, grading, and packing citrus, though contemporary practices rarely include the branded paper wrappers of a previous generation. Then and now, the warehouses are noisy and the assembly line requires repetitive movements at a fast pace. Photo by Thomas McGovern from the series “Manos, Espaldas, y Blossoms,” 2017, courtesy of the artist.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/14ed1814-b3d2-4e2b-8454-8d387ea2bb18/Amazon-Warehouse-Floor-Belt.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Today’s warehouses and distribution centers share characteristics with the packinghouses of yesterday beyond their location along rail and truck lines. Both are low wage, often temporary jobs, and in noisy and fast paced environments subject to excessive heat or cold. Packers do backbreaking work to keep up with fast-moving assembly lines. Automation is displacing workers in both industries. Amazon sorting line, 2015. Reuters/Robert Galbraith.</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/cd93112b-8e7e-4032-b0f7-cc366f298463/LivefromtheFrontline_Eastside_citrus-pickers.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Until the late 1950s, citrus groves still stretched north and east of Commerce St., adjacent to the residential neighborhoods. In the first decades of the 20th century, picking citrus was done by many white and immigrant Eastsiders, while many African Americans worked for the railroads and trucking. By the 1960s groves were becoming tract housing and industry. Most citrus moved to the Central Valley.</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/68d09333-1be1-41b6-b589-c33c20e64c5e/Riv-City-Agr-Cit-V-24--Japanese-laborer-riding-through-the-groves-on-his-bicycle.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Bicycles enabled men to travel from grove to grove, seeking better pay and working conditions. The Japanese Labor Bureau on the corner of 14th and Pachappa, for instance, also housed a bike shop. Japanese citrus laborer bicycling in groves, Riverside Public Library</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/cd1f4903-9de1-495f-8f77-e3cdee4e370f/2021.001.045.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Most family members helped during the citrus harvest. The smallest kids scrambled under the trees to find fallen fruit, or to pick from the lowest branches. Mexican families fondly called them “ratas.” Many would leave to follow the harvest of other crops during the summer. Members of the Eastside Venegas, Lozano, and Vasquez families harvested apricots in Hemet during the summers, 1940s, courtesy of Manuel Venegas, peopleshistoryie.org</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/eab47a50-6eb7-47e7-b877-bd6b60b492f7/5b_Smudge-Pot-Night-Scene_UCR.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>While citrus boosters often portrayed the citrus industry with bucolic images of beautiful clean groves, the production of citrus often polluted the environment and impacted workers’ health. To protect groves from frost, workers would burn oil in smudge pots to create billowing smoke. Neighbors downwind remember soot covering window sills and having to take in laundry to avoid the heavy smoke damaging their clothes. Nighttime smudge-pot lighting in groves. Special Collections &amp; University Archives, UC Riverside.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/5c9e2776-2544-4970-ac1a-13daf1d953f2/Venegas003.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>From 1942 to 1964, Mexican nationals called braceros were brought to Riverside as citrus laborers. They filled jobs left vacant when other men entered the military or more lucrative defense work. Longtime Eastside resident Joe Venegas, Sr., whose family had emigrated from Mexico in the 1910s, was a crew leader, trucking braceros to and from different groves. Joe Venegas Sr. (bottom left, next to his son) and braceros, working at L.V.W. Brown groves, 1950s. Courtesy of Manuel and Yolanda Venegas, peopleshistoryie.org</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/1e29cc16-f79c-4ac9-9cb2-67b40865935e/Citrus-park-5.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Pickers today are mostly Latino immigrant men. Their labor is handled in similar fashion as logistics. They are hired by third parties as needed. After the citrus boom came to a slow halt farmland and groves in the I.E. offered warehouse developers a needed expanse of property; the same thing is beginning to happen in the Central Valley. Photo by Thomas McGovern from the series “Manos, Espaldas, y Blossoms,” 2017, courtesy of the artist</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/e42b6dcc-7596-42a2-ba13-c7aec7985315/LivefromtheFrontline_Eastside_neighborhood.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Immigrants filled Riverside’s agricultural labor needs, and a diverse Eastside grew in service to the citrus and agricultural industry. Black and Mexican families lived alongside white working people and Japanese and Korean settlements.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/c1202e02-f2fc-4a17-b1a5-c60a3a98009b/Kim_101.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Chinese men lived in wooden shacks when they built the railroad here in the 1880s. Korean families later moved in, creating Pachappa Camp — the first organized Koreatown in the U.S. It was labeled on maps as “Korean Shanties” and was across the street “Japanese Shanties.” Mary Paik Lee describes where she lived from 1906-11 as one room with dirt floors and no plumbing or electricity. To earn some money, Lee’s mother cooked food for thirty single men who worked in the groves. She bought, on credit, the supplies from Chinatown, though she couldn’t communicate in Chinese or in English. Korean boy near a settlement along the railroad tracks, Special Collections &amp; University Archives, UC Riverside. Courtesy YOK Center for Korean American Studies</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/20050e75-0cf6-4518-903b-7f0d364e1fe1/Harada-children.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>The Harada family bought a house in Eastside in the name of their American-born children since the California Alien Land Law (1912) prohibited Japanese immigrants from owning land. A few years later, they did the same thing on Lemon St., but their white neighbors complained and took them to court. The Haradas won the case, though they did not overturn the Alien Land Law. Japanese immigrants did not gain the right to become naturalized citizens and own land until 1952. Family of Jukichi and Ken Harada, Museum of Riverside</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/3290d64d-2c9f-40cc-8230-564987c73a19/2021.002.004.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Gilbert G. Vasquez (1933-2024), seen here in uniform, had a similar trajectory as other Eastside Latinos of his generation. The military was a route out of citrus work. Vasquez went on to serve 30 years in the Sheriff’s Department. Vasquez family photo at 2522 11th Street, 1942, Riverside County Mexican American Historical Society, peopleshistoryie.org</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/848fc36b-5431-457a-920f-05e75ad766e6/Shades-of-Riverside---Toni-and-Albert.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Cars meant social and economic mobility for working families in the early 20th century. Car culture and cruising crossed racial barriers. At Buster’s Auto Repair, elite whites and neighborhood kids could learn from Buster Jones’s mechanical and life’s wisdom. Toni Allison, 4; Albert Wallace, Jr., 2; and 1948 Chrysler Windsor at 4517 Howard Ave., Riverside, 1952. Shades of Riverside, Riverside Public Library.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/c92c093e-9d9f-40c0-8711-5314ee64967f/DJC_2890.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Car clubs host significant community and social events in the I.E. Commerce St. has been a space of congregation and display of vintage lowriders, despite the driving hazard of abandoned railroad tracks. Significant development is planned for Commerce St., including a cut-through at Fourth St. to make way for the Third St. underpass. A residential development is planned for Commerce from Mission Inn Ave. to Fifth St., which will preserve the turn-of-the-century warehouse which served citrus and as Barley Mills. Enjoy the citrus industrial historic corridor while its remains are still visible! Commerce St. car show, 2023, photo courtesy Diana Campos</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/83ee19a1-831c-4940-9d26-acbe7e37bc53/LivefromtheFrontline_Eastside_gatherings.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tight social networks were forged within the Eastside as neighbors gathered in parks, shops, and other spaces. People watched out for each other within this multiracial neighborhood, which felt like a small town built within the boundaries of the segregated city of Riverside. Some people of color opened shops to serve the community, which enabled them to leave agricultural labor. Prior to the late 1960s, however, their options for housing outside of the Eastside remained limited.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/bfec6c94-c58e-4277-b53e-ed31b15446c2/2021.004.035.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Many small shops along Park Ave. served as both commercial spine and a community network. Tony and Mary Chavarrios ran the small grocery store at 4098 Park Ave. from 1939 to 1985, which had been previously owned by George Sakaguchi and by one of three Black investors who built the Colored Mercantile Hall (Orange Valley Lodge #13) in 1905 on 12th St. Tony’s Market is still open. Photo of Tony, Mary, Juanita, and Betty Chavarrios with their friend Lucy, (late 1940s). Riverside County Mexican American Historical Society, peopleshistoryie.org</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/79711d00-8b49-4367-a5d3-a47561e1465c/%237-Max-%26-Josefina-Medina-circa-1970.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Oscar and Josefina Medina opened Zacatecas restaurant in 1963, a cafe without color lines, where all were welcome. Though it has moved twice since, Zacatecas remains a family-run Eastside hub, as much for the chismé (gossip) as the food. Max and Josefina Medina sitting at the counter of Zacatecas, c. 1971, courtesy of William Medina, peopleshistoryie.org.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/bd7f754b-7dc8-4ba9-8a6c-f604b552b9a2/%2316-Suzie-Medina-%26-Leer-Larkin-%28close-family-friend%29.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Painter-sculptor Leer Larkin ran Nosotros Fine Arts Workshop, a few doors away from Zacatecas Cafe, from the 1970s until he died in 1992. He worked to benefit the Eastside, starting outdoor art classes in the mid ‘60s, making Nosotros a cultural gathering place for poets, artists, and performers, and consistently standing up for social justice. Suzi Medina and Leer Larkin at Zacatecas on University Ave., 1990. Courtesy of William Medina, peopleshistoryie.org.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/485e0877-87c8-4b83-b305-38b758e5b791/2021.005.045.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Lincoln Park was the heart of the community. It was built in 1924 with a pool and 3 buildings to house the Community Settlement House. Lincoln Park hosted wildly popular and competitive nighttime baseball games. In the 1940s, Eastside and Casablanca team rivalries became newsworthy, and the papers talked regularly about bad behavior between the “gangs.” Eastside Merchant Team, 1948. Riverside County Mexican American Historical Society, peopleshistoryie.org.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/137612b2-153b-4184-814a-1aee88c421f7/MS026_B11_1236.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Orange Valley Masonic Lodge #13 opened in 1905 on 12th St. and Park Ave. The first floor was a grocery, housing, and, in 1965, a Freedom School that provided education to Eastside students when their parents demanded school integration. The second floor hosted Black organizations, Filipino dances, and campaign meetings for BIPOC politicians. The lodge was also a stump stop for white politicians and Black civic figures. Group photograph of members of the Order of the Eastern Star standing in front of Orange Valley Lodge #13, 1950s. Oakland Public Library.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/75161012-da9c-4cce-b030-ea9588b675a9/ArthouseGroup1.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>In 2021, Juan Navarro opened Eastside Artspace, a communal art studio. Some Eastsiders remember this stretch of Park Ave. from the 1940s, when the Lopez family had a grocery, and where Palmer’s Chicken Shack opened by 1945, with Palmer’s Dry Cleaners next door. In 1960, Blue Note Record Shop moved in, another local institution. Navarro is Artist-In-Residence at the Riverside Art Museum, and has painted murals throughout this stretch of Eastside with the collaboration of community members, to remind us of Eastside’s vibrant past and present. Artists of Eastside Arthouse at 4177 Park Avenue, 2022, courtesy eastsidearthouse.studio</image:caption>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/citrus-park</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-02-07</lastmod>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/daf4f990-c56b-43e6-97fb-1ae81914ba39/Mortar-shot.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Citrus Park</image:title>
      <image:caption>California Citrus State Historic Park is located along the Mockingbird Canyon arroyo, which served Indigenous peoples as a source of sustenance and a migratory route. The canyon is sacred, and includes a site that was used by Luiseño and Tongva as part of religious rituals that integrated astronomy. The canyon has been desecrated by graffiti, tract housing developments, and the leveling and grading of portions, including the wash. Bedrock mortars or metates are circular depressions used for preparing food with a pestle to grind acorns, nuts, seeds, and dried berries, as well as various plants for medicinal purposes. The proximity of the mortars on the bedrock suggests this was a social activity, likely among women. Located throughout the region (and world), these provide evidence for the location of settlements. Southern California Metate, photo from California State Parks</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/67197ebf-e2b2-457a-bb7a-d42165202851/Citrus-Monument-2.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Citrus Park</image:title>
      <image:caption>COMING SOON! Artist Gerald Clarke is currently designing a larger-than-life sculpture for installation at the Park. It aims to connect the California Citrus State Historic Park with its indigenous past. Clarke writes, “I envision the creation of a sculpture representing the local Cahuilla people and their long-held Bird Singing tradition. As a Bird Singer myself, I have first hand knowledge of the beauty and symbolic importance to the Cahuilla people.” Clarke’s plan is to install an approximately 8 x 16 foot “rattle” and associated signage, which will take people to a recording of a bird song and explanation of the bird singing tradition. Stay tuned for more as the project develops and is installed in 2025–26. Gerald Clarke, proposal for a Citrus Monument, 2023, courtesy of the artist</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/1c512fbc-e37a-4538-83ec-a72730cae1cf/Spring-Rancheria_1886_RMM.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Citrus Park</image:title>
      <image:caption>John Tortes Meyers, starting catcher for the New York Giants in 1902, recalled growing up in Spring Rancheria, a Cahuilla village on the northeast slope of Riverside’s Pá’Čapa (called Mt. Rubidoux by white settlers). Residents of the village formed a ready labor pool for clearing land, constructing canals, and working groves in the region. John and his childhood friends earned money by cleaning weeds from the town’s irrigation canals and learned to bud and graft navel orange trees for Riverside growers in the 1880s. By 1911, Mayor S. C. Evans’ Rivercrest Tract had completely displaced Spring Rancheria, churning up 120 barrels of human remains from nearby burial grounds. Spring Rancheria, c. 1886, Museum of Riverside</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/ec9eff46-2b35-4d2f-ae86-f27e68a9a2bd/gerald-clarke-10-1.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Citrus Park</image:title>
      <image:caption>Gerald Clarke’s work highlights and brings into public view the ways that Native people have been historically removed, erased, and forgotten by dominant American culture. By making customized cattle brands and searing paper with selected words and maps, Clarke toys with ownership and power differentials implied by the act of branding. The map of the U.S. seared into paper reminds us that this is Native land--despite American amnesia. Pieces like this one also show how settlers violently claimed ownership, mapped, and branded the land as a commodity for private profit. Gerald Clarke, Branded: American Amnesia, 2019, scorched paper, courtesy of the artist</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/067229f8-be30-4871-ae26-f605b1178538/Artesia.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Citrus Park</image:title>
      <image:caption>Citrus crate labels idealized white settlement and served as both a business tool—to drive citrus sales and breed brand recognition—and a promotion for Southern California settlement. This one is loaded with symbolic meaning. At center is lady liberty (modeled on the Roman goddess of freedom) who was also used in 19th imagery as Columbia, the personification of American progress and westward expansion. The rows of manicured groves fed by artesian well water drive home the message of progress, framing land as a commodity from which to extract private wealth. Crate label for Arlington Heights Fruit Co. (in the neighborhood of the Citrus Park), Special Collections &amp; University Archives, UC Riverside</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/133d4b4b-9f0a-422f-b9a3-647e564d66e7/MUKAT.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Citrus Park</image:title>
      <image:caption>Gerald Clarke’s series “Road Signs” uses language to affirm Native American culture and language. The Cahuilla creator, Mukat, is here reinscribed into the landscape, the black and yellow highway sign issuing a warning for viewers to yield—perhaps to the lessons issued through Cahuilla creation stories. The sign also recognizes the space, through its naming, as Cahuilla. Gerald Clarke, Mukat, 2015, Cahuilla text, enamel paint on metal, courtesy of the artist</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/02b9922b-3147-4240-9c0f-4ab602f6222b/Zanjero-Directing-Water-ca-1890-001.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Citrus Park</image:title>
      <image:caption>During hillside quarrying for rocks to complete road construction in 1895, Cahuilla living at Spring Rancheria were cut off from their source of water, effectively driving them from their land. Riverside and Arlington Heights Land and Irrigating Cos. diverted water from the Santa Ana River and aquifers that had sustained Native Californians for millenia. The moniker of the region as both a “citrus empire” and the “Inland Empire” is accurate in light of this process of Indian removal and the role of the syndicate of British investors who completed and owned the canal system that irrigated over 12,000 acres of land they developed for citrus (including the land where Citrus Park is located). The land that grove owners purchased came with the water, enabling them to form what they called mutual water companies, allowing them to share with one another but not with the Indigenous people whose ancestral homelands they occupied. Water crises today reach back to these early developments. For example, only 3% of the world’s water is fresh, and 70% of that is used by agriculture to produce food. The current use of drip irrigation at the Park and other groves around California acknowledges but does not solve this dilemma. Zanjero directing water, c. 1897, Museum of Riverside</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/6a661975-230c-499c-9784-ba416ee69b0f/Cahuilla-Rhythms.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Citrus Park</image:title>
      <image:caption>Cahuilla Rhythms features images which are elements of the Cahuilla world: Bird SInging Rattles, Yucca and Tobacco Flowers, Abalone Shell, and a recreation of the Hemet Mazestone Petroglyph. Clarke has explained that “Cahuilla Bird Singing was endangered in the 1980s, but made a remarkable recovery in the 1990s. Today it’s a true force in the community again. As a Cahuilla artist, I wanted to document the Bird Singing renaissance.” Gerald Clarke, Cahuilla Rhythms, 2022, acrylic on canvas, collection of Ernest and June Siva, geraldclarkeart.com</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/0d447686-d10c-4dcc-8378-05c7ae306f9f/DBCOC-Postcard----Fumigation.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Citrus Park</image:title>
      <image:caption>By the eve of WWII, Southern California led the world in citrus production, and the state supplied 60% of the U.S. market. Citrus was the number one plant commodity in the nation. With this success also came development of a monoculture of citrus that depleted the soil. Other environmental costs included widespread smudging--burning oil to create clouds of smog to keep the trees warm on cold nights--and wholesale use of pesticides. Both had a negative impact on air quality. The mass production of cyanide for the citrus industry made it an easily available form of chemical warfare as the U.S. entered the Vietnam War. Postwar chemical pesticides like DDT had their own impact on the soil and groundwater. Grove owners in the early 20th century knew that on the days when the fumigation tents (pictured in this postcard) went over the trees to seal in the chemicals, pets and children needed to be accounted for lest they meet their demise after crawling inside. Ironically, the children pushing a baby carriage in this view seem free from such worries. “Method of Fumigating Orange Orchard” postcard, private collection</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/54703b6a-4a1c-448a-8027-d04a8f712269/Our-Lady-of-San-Jacinto.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Citrus Park</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Inspired by images of the Virgin of Guadalupe, this painting features the Yucca Whipplei plant important to Cahuilla People for food and material culture. The arched format references California Mission history and the ‘halo’ features Cahuilla Bird Singing Rattles.” —Gerald Clarke The panu’ul (yucca) was a vital resource for Cahuilla and other Southern California Indigenous communities, who used it for food, fiber, soap, and ceremonial purposes. Today, Cahuilla families, including Gerald Clarke’s, harvest and roast panu’ul blossoms, which can rise over 10 feet when mature. Gerald Clarke, Our Lady of San Jacinto, 2012, acrylic on canvas, Museum of Riverside, geraldclarkeart.com</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/b0e61680-0d52-4616-92e0-434ab749248a/Sherman-Institute-ca-1910-PC_RMM.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Citrus Park</image:title>
      <image:caption>Sherman Institute, founded in 1902, was an off-reservation boarding school aimed to “civilize” and “Americanize” Native youth by attempting to strip them of their cultures and Indigenous languages. Sherman students were trained in military style, as if to perform their assimilation and patriotism. The school and its grounds were built in the Mission Revival style specified by local businessmen such as Frank Miller, who promoted Sherman as a tourist stop. It was located near Miller’s Mission Inn and at the end of the railway line he held stock in. Over a century after Spanish colonization, Sherman youth dwelled in buildings that looked like a mission, where they were not free to leave. A number of students escaped, fleeing into the groves, away from school and authorities to pursue different paths. Sherman Institute, Riverside, Calif., c. 1910, postcard, private collection</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/95864250-6e6d-459e-b83d-ec159456d52b/gerald-clarke-08.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Citrus Park</image:title>
      <image:caption>Cahuilla Sounds, Cahuilla Lives appears to be a traditional—albeit, at 3 feet, oversized—rattle used by Bird Singers. Clarke’s use of a handle made from a softball bat, and Keith Haring-like graphics with a speaker playing sounds from the gourd, however, changes its context, putting it into the realm of Americana. If bird songs tell migration stories, then does the “great American pastime” reconfigure both who or what is Native and who or what is American? Gerald Clarke, Cahuilla Sounds, Cahuilla Lives, 1997, softball bat and painted gourd with sound, photo: Ian Byers-Gamber, courtesy of the artist.</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/9704f754-def7-4bcd-be46-a7867f0bce61/Copy-of-Farming0014.tif-from-images--sherman-folder.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Citrus Park</image:title>
      <image:caption>Educators at Sherman Institute in the first half of the 20th century provided Native students courses in English, basic academics, and vocational training. Students were also expected to do all of the labor on site--farm work, laundry, cooking, masonry, carpentry, and gardening. Administrators also compelled many students to participate in the school’s “outing program” (1902-1940), which provided cheap labor to local businesses, homes, and groves. This included long days of hard work at nearby Fontana Farms and Riverside Orange Co., where they were paid less than other migrant and immigrant laborers, often without adequate bedding or housing. Despite harsh conditions, the work provided some students autonomy—and money they could bring back into their own communities. Sherman Institute youth, plowing field, c. 1910, courtesy Sherman Indian Museum</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/db7e71b5-08fc-4841-a2c5-897cc7a53905/21-Bird-Singers-LoRes-from-May-17-Festival.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Citrus Park</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Each Bird Song tells a little part of the story of our peoples and our journeys…back to this land where we are today.” —William Madrigal, Sr., Mountain Cahuilla Lead Bird Singer From almost anywhere in Citrus Park, one sees mountains used to narrate Native American creation stories. Sacred canyon sites nearby mark the solstice. So, while the Park commemorates the citrus industry, it also connects us to times and traditions well beyond the planting of these particular groves. Bird Singing and Dancing has been an important part of Cahuilla tribes in Southern California and Arizona for centuries. “Uncle Alvino [Siva] was always talking about when he first learned how to sing. His parents had worked in the citrus fields in Riverside. They’d work all day long but when they got off work, he’d break out that rattle he got from his dad. That’s where he learned the songs, and it still continued — that storytelling, the songs, the dancing, and so even though there was all this great pressure on Indian people, all this change around them, they still kept their songs, and it was really, the citrus groves —they allowed that solidarity.” —Sean Milanovich (Cahuilla) William Madrigal, Sr., and his family at Citrus Park, 2017, photo by Kate Alexandrite, courtesy Relevancy &amp; History Project</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/westside-sb</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-02-07</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/c3f193f2-0700-4893-8abb-683009ae6aff/Between%2B1923%2B%2B1934%2Bslide.010.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
      <image:caption>San Bernardino by the early 20th century was a central transportation hub in the American West, largely thanks to the Santa Fe Railway. The railyard was the economic backbone of the Westside, where generations of Mexican, African American and white workers labored in the machine shops and freight terminal. Black and Mexican families began settling on the Westside in growing numbers starting in the early 20th century. By the 1920s, real estate agents, white homeowners, and city government began to erect formal and informal barriers to segregate Black and Mexican families on the Westside of the railroad tracks. “It was quiet. A lot of Black, Mexican families lived here. A bit further down, Italian families. And in these homes, white families.” —Jennie Ybarra, former owner of Ybarra’s Market. By 1940, the Westside was a vibrant multiracial neighborhood, where Mexicans made up 50-80% of the population. The Black population was also growing (17%) between 6th and 9th Street, centered around the city's two oldest Black churches on 6th Street. Aerial view of Santa Fe railyard between 1923–1934, courtesy San Bernardino Historical Society &amp; Railroad Museum</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/deb40851-4e09-45ce-a32e-4eeef8338a9a/Jenny_1_rodney.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/dd59c58b-63ca-4249-a351-0056d7794d0c/Mt-Vernon-Ave-traffic-jam.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
      <image:caption>A vibrant Westside business district grew from the 1920s-1950s along Mt. Vernon Ave. with small grocery stores throughout the community. In 1953, before the freeway the Westside accounted for 62% of the purchasing power in San Bernardino. “In fact, by 1959,” historian Mark Ocegueda explains, “the corner of Mt. Vernon and 5th St. served as the busiest intersection in the county with 34,000 vehicles regularly entering the junction daily.” “In this area, there were 12 little stores… Everybody was doing their little business around the area. Like I said, that was before...the freeway came in.” —Raul Raya, grew up above Ybarra Market, and owned it for the last 7 years. Traffic jam, Mt. Vernon Ave., 1950s, courtesy of Mark Ocegueda &amp; Oquendo-Montaño family collection</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/9b006cb2-639f-4b7e-9a06-13634510c8e9/Jenny_2_rodney.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/c63bbb18-874d-4011-8fd6-c5385522a7d5/2024.007.027.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Andres and Pascuala Ybarra bought Ybarra’s Market in 1946. They migrated to San Bernardino from Guanajuato in April 1927. Andres picked citrus in East Highland, helped build Norton Air Force Base, and worked at Kaiser Steel. His path mirrored those of many Mexican immigrants. Pascuala took care of the family store which catered to many workers from Santa Fe. After they retired, their daughter Jennie Ybarra ran the store for decades and then their nephew Raul Raya kept the family business going. Andres &amp; Pascuala Ybarra with son Carlos, 1950, courtesy Raul Raya</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/24199473-d924-4e25-80d8-b432b9a659b8/Jenny_3_rodney.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/4e3659ea-d8ba-493d-a6ae-a781c6151688/Virginia%2C-Jennie-and-Pascuala-Ybarra-.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Jennie Ybarra remembered how her family always took care of the community by allowing them to take items on credit during hard times. “We all went through hardship, we understand. There’s a lot of people that are grateful. And we’re [also] grateful because they were our bread and butter, you know.” —Jennie Ybarra These relations of trust with neighborhood stores were vital to families struggling to make ends meet when racism confined Mexican and Black workers to low wage jobs. Virginia, Jennie, &amp; Pascuala Ybarra and children at Ybarra’s Market, courtesy Jennie Ybarra</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/437a3119-6ab8-4f80-8d75-c8e7c43c3f06/I-Street-Photo-Train-courtesy-of-Santa-Fe-Museum.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Train tracks ran down I Street forming a border between the Westside and downtown even in the early 20th century. Though segregation concentrated communities of color "on the other side of the tracks," the railroad tracks were a very porous boundary. Westside residents could easily walk across the tracks to downtown. Cars likewise drove across the tracks as they followed Route 66 through the heart of the Westside. Raul Raya, who grew up above his family’s market, would watch the trains from his window and walk across the tracks to Harding School to play with friends “on white side of town.” Neighbors remember when the trains would sometimes stop outside Ybarra’s Market on Spruce and the train guys would get off and go to buy snacks at the market. Ybarra’s was an informal hang out for Santa Fe workers who would hang out in the back with beers on Friday nights. Train tracks along I Street looking south from 6th St, showing street crossings, 1950s (pre-freeway), courtesy of Santa Fe Railway Historical &amp; Modeling Society.</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/4efee811-5c82-43a6-8cc7-258ca8e1f82e/ben_2_rodney.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/4f37b51b-2926-4d71-b4ea-ab7da10fad88/IMG_0144.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
      <image:caption>In the 1950s, James Guthrie — a powerful San Bernardino businessman and California Highway Commissioner — pushed for the construction of a North-South freeway through San Bernardino to address congestion on Route 66. They built it along I Street despite concerns from Westside business owners about the freeway’s potential economic impacts. “Once the freeway came on, all the exits were running towards the east side. So that's why the Westside went down. We didn't have no access for people to come. So by the 70s, the store was starting to go down.” —Raul Raya Referred to as the “Berlin Wall” by locals, the 215 freeway served as a concrete barrier that divided San Bernardino and deepened segregation. The exits diverted traffic towards downtown and starved businesses along the Mt. Vernon corridor. Most streets no longer ran through, and businesses like Ybarra's found themselves isolated on streets that deadened into the freeway. Freeway, Historic Topo Map 1959, Historical Topographic Map Collection courtesy of the USGS, Esri</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/99ca5251-1828-4bff-be31-c4dcdec64669/ben_3_rodney.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/130a932b-a96b-47ab-bfb4-5f6ab7f4781d/Ybarra%27s---Lydia-%26-Raul-.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
      <image:caption>The Ybarra family, like many merchants, have persevered through the economic decline of the Westside. “We’re in a rough area,” one businessman told the San Bernardino Sun in September 1980. “But I wouldn’t move my business.” Twenty one years after the construction of the freeway, surveys showed that the Mt. Vernon business district area became “blighted” and “in a rapid cycle of decay.” “There’s scholars and organizers that speak about this ‘slow violence’ that is associated with the supply chain. I think this situation falls along that line of thinking. Because it took about two decades for those effects to be felt.” —Mark Ocegueda Raul &amp; Lydia Raya in Ybarra’s Market, where he grew up and worked for many years, courtesy Rodney Muñoz</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/fcc5f6a3-b8c5-4454-857c-5e31b4595630/RaulyLydia_1_rodney.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/8666e3cf-c0fe-452c-bcf0-aa63027b0cdd/Virginia-Rooney-with-Rebecca-and-family.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Rebecca Chacon remembers riding her bike down Spruce Street and playing along the railroad tracks with friends in the 1980s and 1990s. Her grandmother — Virginia Rooney — worked at Ybarra’s Market for over 30 years. She saw economic stability decline in the neighborhood as major employers like Santa Fe shops, Kaiser Steel, and Norton Air Base closed by the early 90s. “Times have changed. It will never be what it was,” Chacon laments. Virginia Rooney with her daughter Vickie Guzman, Sylvia Rodriguez and grand daughter Rebecca Chacon, courtesy Rebecca Chacon</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/259b2935-a996-453a-a0f6-c97b3b13b1b6/RaulyLydia_2_rodney.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/73f22d24-0735-4100-a2e1-64eff9642022/IMG_2775.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
      <image:caption>The freeway was reconstructed in the 2010s — this time with exit off ramps diverting traffic east AND west. But the Westside has continued to see disproportionate impacts from the expansion of BNSF Railway and the warehousing industry. The constant parade of trucks and trains passing through this corridor have made this neighborhood a diesel death zone. Ybarra’s Market with Amazon containers on passing train, photo by Anthony Victoria, courtesy The Frontline Observer</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/55d58e04-66c4-463c-b47e-e30e23f28d12/RaulyLydia_3_rodney.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/84fd634f-1b31-418e-a676-ef08d31e47d5/BNSF-spox-Lena-Kent-with-Alicia-Aguayo-right-and-Lucy-Sunga-%28center%29.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Residents are organizing to hold BNSF and the logistics industry accountable for improving air quality in the region by pressuring them to phase out diesel engines and reduce emissions. Benjamin Luna says sometimes fighting massive companies like BNSF seems like an uphill battle. But, he says he finds a form of resistance in his garden next to Ybarra’s market where he grows and shares food with his neighbors, keeping the community spirit of the Westside vibrant for the next generation. BNSF Rail Track Extension Tour Lena Kent with Alicia Aguayo right and Lucy Sunga (center), photo by Anthony Victoria, courtesy The Frontline Observer</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/9b12f736-4d81-4618-9c81-e820ded252d3/RaulyLydia_4_rodney.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/d25fcfe2-50ce-4f0d-84a2-58baff2f33f0/IMG_0145.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Raul Raya put this sign up at the corner a block from the store, trying to keep the legacy of this historic business alive. “I put it up there so that the people could see that Ybarra's was still open. We don't have that much traffic around, but the people that know us for so long, that's why we’re still open.” —Raul Raya In Spring 2024, Raul Raya sold the store, but new owners will keep the name and memory of this historic business alive. Ybarra’s is Open Sign, courtesy Rebecca Chacon</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/30d91843-0ff0-46f1-a465-881d50b60ab5/car-show-ybarra.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
      <image:caption>It’s hard to overstate the love people have for the small Westside grocery store. When people heard of its closure, memories poured out on Facebook and Instagram. People remembered the best menudo in town, the bologna that could be cut any thickness, and the love and care they got from owners whenever they came by. One man wrote, “every time I walked in [Jennie] would call me m’ijo.” A local car club organized a cruise by the shop, greeting longtime owner Jennie a block away, where she sat on the porch to be celebrated by the community. Lowrider Car Show celebrating Ybarra family and market after the closure, courtesy of Phil Florez</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/mira-loma</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-02-07</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/53bdbd95-cdb7-4f6e-94e4-4e11dc6241d4/10a_Vineyard-LofC-master-afc-afc1989022-afc1989022_dd_c006-afc1989022_dd_c006_01.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
      <image:caption>Vineyards once spanned from Mira Loma to Rancho Cucamonga, exceeding grape production anywhere in California. Today, a few fragments of the wine industry remain in Mira Loma. Galleano Winery is a National Historic Register site whose grapes grow right alongside the loading bays for Fedex Freight. Next door is a Sam’s Club distribution center, one of the area’s many Walmart warehouses targeted in a series of labor protests that began in 2009. Vineyards in the Guasti-Cucamonga-Mira Loma area occupied over 20,000 acres by 1917, courtesy Library of Congress</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/4544e5b7-9368-420f-9f2d-f796047db7fc/LFTF_SidewalkVinyls_us-army-supply-depot.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
    </image:image>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/b1bf6250-d9a6-4040-ba42-c9827bb0564b/MIra_Loma_2_1948.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
      <image:caption>In 1942, the U.S. Army established the Mira Loma Quartermaster Supply Depot next to the Union Pacific railroad tracks, a few miles south of the Santa Fe rail line and adjacent to Mission Blvd (now I-60 freeway). The site included 9 warehouses, 11.5 million square feet of open-air storage, 12 miles of roads, and 13 miles of railroad tracks that connected the warehouses. In an effort to recruit civilian workers and to house families of servicemen working at the Supply Depot, the Quartermaster General included an entire mini-Main Street adjacent to the complex with administrative buildings, a fire station, hospital, library, barber shop, and swimming pool. Aerial of the Mira Loma Quartermaster Depot, 1948, HistoricAerials.com</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/a88c99a1-95ac-4008-9b36-46220d0dce72/LFTF_SidewalkVinyls_vineyards.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/571dc476-2fad-4aee-a613-37b1cfb64ca1/ddr-densho-151-369-mezzanine-f1de85f202.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
      <image:caption>Mira Loma Quartermaster Depot supplied all military installations in Southern California and Nevada. This included regional air bases, the Desert Training Center, Camp Haan, and Manzanar, where over 10,000 people of Japanese heritage were incarcerated during WWII. Critics of the Mira Loma Quartermaster decried efforts to supply Manzanar’s dining halls with quality food as "un-American,” despite the fact that two thirds of the people incarcerated were U.S. citizens. Some of the supplies sent to Manzanar were purchased at cut-rate prices in Los Angeles, where Japanese grocery stores had been forced to quickly get rid of their stock. These food items soon made their way back to their intended Japanese consumers, who were now behind barbed wire. Waiting for Lunch Outside a Mess Hall at Noon, Manzanar, July 1942, photo by Dorothea Lange, Library of Congress</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/eb2c07f4-fc4c-4411-ac91-6aed62dc5af0/LFTF_SidewalkVinyls_supply-depot-Manzanar.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/44742747-f8b3-4176-969c-862400d72093/8_AlvinStaufferBook1948p119LoadingGasCansatMiraLomaQMD.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
      <image:caption>Mira Loma Supply Depot struggled to find workers for their expanding operation. They relied on civilian women, who comprised 80% of the workforce, and laborers imprisoned at the Chino Institution for Men, who served as freight handlers. Women pictured here are loading gas cans into the waiting train car. Mira Loma Quartermaster Depot, c. 1943, Alvin P. Stauffer, Historical Section, Office of the Quartermaster General</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/062d1b3c-9a38-4eb9-a9dd-f54f331deb1e/LFTF_SidewalkVinyls_railroad-women-workers.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
    </image:image>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/3e3b1eab-3369-48a0-95a4-63843fc3853d/Titan_II_launch.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
      <image:caption>The Depot and its Main St. continued to operate through the Korean War, until the Air Force took over in 1955. In the 1960s, the military stored decommissioned Atlas and Titan I Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM) at the site. The property was sold in 1966 to Space Center, a private developer of industrial parks which continued its use as a logistics hub. Former employees who worked at the Mira Loma Space Center recount sewing tents there during the Vietnam War era, welding steel, and seeing the ICBMs dismantled in the 1970s. Some believe ghosts haunt the site, a legacy, perhaps, of the Depot’s status as an “American Graves Distribution Center” during the Cold War. Titan II, postcard, private collection.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/96b89b5f-9542-468a-ad02-eb847b7adba5/4-Mira-LomaHousesWalledIn_SCPR_173912-full.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
      <image:caption>During the 1950s, Mira Loma Village sold the suburban dream. A large development of single-family homes was planned to be built over the earlier Guasti vineyards, adjacent to the Supply Depot. “I sure hate to see the grapes go,” longtime vineyard foreman Jack Zuniga said in 1955, “but I guess we can’t prevent progress.” One Village tract was completed, but some of the land was sold for industrial commercial purposes. A 1987 amendment to Riverside County’s General Plan allowed huge swathes of vineyards, citrus, and dairy farms to be replaced, one after another, by “big box” distribution centers. Today the 101 homes in Mira Loma Village are surrounded on all sides by warehouses and truck traffic. Mira Loma Village, 2017, photo by Maya Sugarman, KPCC</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/62b96fa6-1a13-497d-9ebe-060fa05fae26/LFTF_SidewalkVinyls_link-logistics.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/163003b9-11c9-4a65-a25b-cab31af38f05/11_Walmart_Warehouse_Workers_March_ufcw770_CCby2.0.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
      <image:caption>Protests by warehouse workers and community groups over the last few decades have brought attention to the labor and environmental costs of the growing logistics industry. Protests like WalMarch, connected struggles at Inland warehouses to those at the Port of LA. Such protests bring visibility to labor conditions across the supply chain, and, as scholar Juan de Lara writes, implicate “diesel trucks, trains, and ships in the poisoning and premature death of poor Black and Brown communities.” Warehouse Workers United, United Farm Workers co-founder Dolores Huerta and L.A. County Federation of Labor leader (now Senator) María Elena Durazo, 2012, UFCW International CC by 2.0</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/ccd46633-2865-4725-b8e6-afcb1a9616ef/13a_Demo_MiraLoma_Space_Ctr_IMG_7184_Gudis.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
      <image:caption>In 2020, the newly formed Jurupa Valley city planning division approved the redevelopment of the Space Center by Link Logistics. The 1942 warehouses were demolished, and the redwood, Douglas Fir, and railroad ties salvaged and trucked to house builders in Montana. Today, Amazon warehouses occupy the land where the WWII buildings once stood. “Link: The future of logistics has arrived,” 2022, photo by Catherine Gudis.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/7b03ddad-4184-45fd-8ea3-a8f8c96ef1a7/LFTF_SidewalkVinyls_logistics.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/66320c0d-8f94-45a6-ae1b-eb73ffb105fd/ONT_0053.MP4.00_00_29_04.Still001.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
      <image:caption>In 2021–22, Chino, Colton, Jurupa Valley, Norco, Pomona, Perris, Riverside, and San Bernardino all voted on whether or not to place moratoriums on warehouse development. Jurupa Valley’s 2021 moratorium led to a “truck intensive use ordinance” restricting high-volume trucking to specific areas, and prohibiting new truck stops and truck storage yards. Some truckers — especially those who are owner-operators of one or two trucks — wonder why they have to bear the brunt of the policy while megacorporations can proceed unhindered. Others wonder why cities don’t rezone land to restrict industrial developments and instead zone areas for housing, which is needed, doesn’t harm neighbors, and still contributes to the municipal tax base. Aerial of Mira Loma, 2024, photo by Eduardo Gonzales, peoplehistoryie.org</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/4df02bb8-cf15-43f1-aea7-027f03dd462a/LFTF_SidewalkVinyls_warehouse-worker-resource-center.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/dc225afe-7099-4a7f-8a02-aa4e98089781/palmdale-drivers-.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
      <image:caption>Logistics represents up to 10% of the Gross Domestic Product of the U.S., and Amazon has among the highest market value of any corporation in the world. Yet this has not translated into better jobs for the majority of workers in the Inland region. Workers at Amazon internationally have been organizing to seek better working conditions and wages. In June 2023, Amazon delivery drivers affiliated with Teamsters Local 396 demonstrated on Iberia Ave. to call upon the company to stop retaliating against workers' efforts to unionize. “The packages matter more to Amazon right now… I delivered in a van last year in the summer. [Outside the temperature reached] 115. Inside my van, it was 130. I don't have no AC. My fucking windows that day didn't roll down.” —Brandi Diaz, Local 396 delivery driver 2023 Strike at Mira Loma, courtesy Teamsters Local 396 and The Frontline Observer.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/bloomington</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-02-07</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/d48481da-968a-49f6-90a5-158086ce0786/IMG_0105.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Bloomington, Rialto, and Fontana were established by the Semi-Tropic Land and Development Company in 1887. Residents were mostly farmers, and the area became renowned for its rich citrus harvests. An ad by the Mission Land Co. in the 1911 program of the National Orange Show described Bloomington’s citrus product as having “no pest, no frost.” Bloomington Fruit Association packinghouse and employees, 1890s, courtesy San Bernardino County Museum, www.sbcounty.gov/museum</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/b71f45d3-d266-4871-a861-b0d406e4c75d/01.-bloomingtonsign.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Soon Zimmerman Elementary School will be torn down, built anew nearby, and replaced by more warehouses. Signage for Historic Landmark No. 3 acknowledges community history, 2024. Photo: Tamara Cedré.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/8189e886-79e6-4ac9-b5d4-0feed143992b/IMG_0104.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>During the mid to late 1950s, the construction of the Interstate 10 freeway bisected Bloomington and hampered efforts by residents to incorporate. Virginia Geil who organized to preserve Bloomington history described the effect: “When they went through with the freeway it took the heart out of Bloomington.” Cedar Ave. at High St., a central thoroughfare in Bloomington before the I-10 freeway cut through, courtesy San Bernardino County Museum, www.sbcounty.gov/museum</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/3f57d033-d9a2-44f2-91c6-2742703bd7ad/02.-bloomboxes.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Members of the community decorated cardboard boxes with messages about their struggles and hopes, which were installed temporarily at Zimmerman Elementary School, 2024. Photo: Tamara Cedré.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/f021eba9-49c0-4345-856f-2f86f82e5f57/Welcome_to_Bloomington.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Competing efforts to reshape the boundaries of Bloomington began in the 1960s. Some local groups organized to push for city incorporation, hoping to exert more control over future development in the area. Instead, County officials allowed some portions of southwest and southeast Bloomington to be annexed by Rialto and Fontana. These annexed regions would become the first to experience rapid expansion of warehousing in the early 2000s. “Bloomington used to be much bigger when we first moved here. But they keep chipping away at it.” —Margaret Razo, Bloomington resident since the early 1970s Welcome to Bloomington, 2023, photo by Fernanda Durazo, courtesy of the artist</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Resident decorating a box, 2024. Photo: Fernanda Durazo.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/a52f65d9-054d-41e7-a7da-eecea45edabc/cnb-lasso-boy-.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>By the 2000s, Bloomington’s population was between 60% and 80% Latino. New residents used the land for horses, crops, and raising the next generation in cultural traditions from Mexico. “My parents are from Mexico and so every summer we would go back. The ranch, the farm lifestyle — it’s a cultural thing. So when we were able to find our 2 acres in Bloomington, it was for us to be homeowners, of course, but also to have our children raised, you know, with our traditions. It was just a dream come true.” —Ana Carlos Bloomington youth demonstrates his skills with a lasso, typical to Mexican charro (horseman) culture, 2022, photo by Anthony Victoria, courtesy of The Frontline Observer</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/a4270fec-1d0e-4187-a34f-dca7d8a08cb1/04.-Josue-photo-of-looking.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Installation of shipping boxes adorned with messages by community members, 2024. Photo: Josue Munoz.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/c545528c-ef76-4b83-b002-4b3d237149e8/05.-Detail-of-decorated-boxes-Gudis.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Detail of decorated boxes, 2024. Photo: Catherine Gudis.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/6edc9503-8c99-42c3-907f-8bc69a22dd25/DSC_0496.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Howard Industrial Partners is currently developing swaths of residential and public land into warehouses. In 2022, they received approval from San Bernardino County to rezone 213 acres into the future Bloomington Business Park. Threatened by this new development is the 1953 Zimmerman Elementary School, which has served generations of students. Margaret Razo attended Zimmerman Elementary, as did her siblings and kids. Now it is slated for demolition to accommodate Howard’s vision for Bloomington. “We went to all the city meetings, you know, all the city council meetings, all of that. But it was fruitless because by the time we knew that it was happening, it was already like a done deal, you know? How are they going to tear down Zimmerman to put a warehouse? It's ridiculous.” Colton Joint Unified School District plans to construct new buildings to house Zimmerman Elementary School a few blocks away, but it will still be located amidst warehouses and next to a truck stop in a neighborhood with one of the most intense air pollution problems in California. Ana Carlos and Alejandra Gonzales, Concerned Neighbors of Bloomington, Dec. 2022, photo by Sadie Scott, courtesy of The Frontline Observer</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/532985a4-f07a-4672-ba5c-ed11157b278e/IMG_8772.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>In the 2010s, more developers continued to propose warehouse projects — this time right next to residences. Homeowners like Thomas and Kim Rocha became directly involved with the fight for environmental justice after receiving a letter from San Bernardino County planners about a proposed land use change to accommodate a 200,000-square-foot warehouse project only a few hundred feet away from their home. “My husband and I have worked for 40 years at a union company. And we knew we had a voice. So not only did we answer the letter, we made a template letter. And we walked to all our neighbors…The easiest thing to do was just to give them a letter. If they were against the warehouse, they could sign it and just put their name on it and mail it.” —Kim Rocha, 2018 The Rochas and other neighbors and families formed the Concerned Neighbors of Bloomington to fend off threats from the warehouse industry and to advocate against land use zoning changes. Kim and Thomas Rocha looking over the wall behind their house at the recently constructed warehouse, photo by Anthony Victoria, courtesy of The Frontline Observer</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/bbf487d3-836a-4892-b61c-26301a329462/06.-Gudis-IMG_1823.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Andrea Vidaurre, People’s Collective for Environmental Justice, talked with residents about ongoing organizing to retain homes and small businesses, 2024. Photo: Catherine Gudis.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/efd5905e-fe07-476c-87d3-3d4791e7d2f7/DSC_0344.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>One resident impacted by Howard Industrial Partners’ development is Felipe Ortiz. He moved to Bloomington to find some semblance of Mexico by having access to land to own horses. Ortiz is one of many residents who participate in local cabalgatas — organized horseback rides used as a form of protest against the developer. “They’re kicking me out. I haven’t been eating because of the worry. My 13-year-old son says to sell his horse. He tells me, ‘family comes first, then horses.’ This makes me feel really bad.” —Felipe Ortiz A man and his son on horseback at the cabalgata to protest the Bloomington Business Park Specific Plan, Dec. 2022, photo by Sadie Scott, courtesy The Frontline Observer</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/cf1b94f1-6df9-4933-9e75-36e1052c7fe7/07.-JosueLasso.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Bloomington family members demonstrated multigenerational Mexican rancho culture, 2024. Photo: Josue Munoz.</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/343321ac-c105-49ef-a674-cd137f91e4e0/08.-opencontainer.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Shipping container in the Zimmerman Elementary School parking lot, 2024. Photo: Tamara Cedré.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/b48e3750-fd0c-4397-b514-5cc2d84cd891/09.-miguel.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Exhibition of Bloomington community archives (with Miguel Muñoz-Valtierra at front-center), 2024. Photo: Tamara Cedré.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/fd2919a7-055d-4f0d-bb00-f7e85893e5ab/Demolished_Locust_St-2.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>As of May 2024 there were 14 warehouses with 4 million square feet of space. They attract over 3,000 truck trips daily that contribute to high levels of pollution in the area. Five additional warehouses have been approved with 1.2 million more square feet of space. Despite the onslaught of warehouse development in their neighborhoods, residents continue to find ways to put pressure on the County and developers to do right by the residents of Bloomington. Environmental justice groups have filed a lawsuit against the County for its approval of the business park, citing health and pollution concerns. “It's kind of like neighbors helping neighbors. ‘I'm getting a warehouse in my backyard. Let's stand up against this.’ And so we're helping. But over the years, it kind of seems like everyone's been getting a warehouse in their backyard.” —Ana Carlos Demolished houses on Locust St., photo by Fernanda Durazo, courtesy of the artist</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/7954673c-f3a3-4ece-b5c4-3a03053c4c94/10.-tilton-w-ana-carlos-detail-Copy-of-IMG_9085.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Installation view showing 2020 photo by resident Ana Carlos of Bloomington Equestrian Center, 2024. Photo: Jennifer Tilton.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/68f2ac60-8831-4014-9097-4d57f851831f/11.-bloomington_container.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Installation view showing community archive, 2024. Photo: Tamara Cedré.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/b1dee5d4-0b91-43a0-bffb-d06535261637/12.-Miguel-000017930021.jpg_At-the-top-of-the-Rutho-hills-facing-towards-Maple-street.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Images by community members document changes to Bloomington, here showing a valley of warehouses, from the top of the Rutho hills facing Maple Street, 2021. Photo: Miguel Muñoz-Valtierra.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/0aeffa03-9c53-44a6-8cdb-f1ea3256fe57/13.-Ferny-Copy-of-Bloomington_cemetary_south-%281%29.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Documentary photographs form a community archive that was on view for the temporary exhibition. Bloomington cemetery facing south, 2023. Photo: Fernanda Durazo.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/4950df0b-3e07-4f87-8c15-dd415f6a5151/14.-Fernie-house.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Felipe Ortiz's rented home and ranchito, in danger of eviction, shown in 2024. (The home was later bulldozed.) Photo: Fernanda Durazo.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/f5ee5760-e726-4457-9b0d-1b704581e482/15.-cabalgata.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Felipe Ortiz on horseback at cabalgata demonstrating against residential displacement by warehouse development, 2024. Photo: Fernanda Durazo.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/a122ca9b-e1a4-4b01-babf-26f1d32eb1f1/16.-Fernie-Cabalgata2024-10.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Felipe Ortiz and his Bloomington community ride through the neighborhood during cabalgata, 2024. Photo: Fernanda Durazo.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/privacy-policy</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-02-06</lastmod>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/map</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2024-06-19</lastmod>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/site-credits</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2024-06-01</lastmod>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/404-error-page</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2024-06-05</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/a2272ee3-2df0-4158-ae59-fca3540375f9/14399b.jpg</image:loc>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/es/mira-loma</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-02-07</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/53bdbd95-cdb7-4f6e-94e4-4e11dc6241d4/10a_Vineyard-LofC-master-afc-afc1989022-afc1989022_dd_c006-afc1989022_dd_c006_01.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
      <image:caption>Los viñedos alguna vez se extendieron desde Mira Loma hasta Rancho Cucamonga, superando la producción de uvas en cualquier otro lugar de California. Hoy en día, algunos fragmentos de la industria del vino permanecen en Mira Loma. Galleano Winery es un sitio del Registro Histórico Nacional cuyas uvas crecen justo al lado de los andenes de carga de FedEx Freight. A su lado se encuentra un centro de distribución de Sam’s Club, uno de los muchos almacenes de Walmart en la zona que han sido el objetivo de una serie de protestas laborales que comenzaron en 2009. Los viñedos en el área de Guasti-Cucamonga-Mira Loma ocupaban más de 20,000 acres en 1917, cortesía de la Biblioteca del Congreso</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/1c523033-e8ad-4b55-8afc-665411a01b1a/LFTF_SidewalkVinyls_deposito-de-suministros-del+ejercito-de-EE-UU.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/b1bf6250-d9a6-4040-ba42-c9827bb0564b/MIra_Loma_2_1948.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
      <image:caption>En 1942, el Ejército de los EE. UU. estableció el Depósito de Suministros de Intendencia de Mira Loma junto a las vías del ferrocarril de Union Pacific, unas pocas millas al sur de la línea de la ferroviaria de Santa Fe y adyacente a Mission Blvd (ahora la autopista I-60). El sitio incluía 9 almacenes, 11.5 millones de pies cuadrados de almacenamiento al aire libre, 12 millas de carreteras y 13 millas de vías de ferrocarril que conectaban los almacenes. En un esfuerzo por reclutar trabajadores civiles y albergar a las familias de los militares que trabajaban en el Depósito de Suministros, el Intendente General incluyó una mini-Calle Principal completa adyacente al complejo, con edificios administrativos, una estación de bomberos, un hospital, una biblioteca, una barbería y una piscina. Aérea del Depósito de Intendencia de Mira Loma, 1948, HistoricAerials.com</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/a649bb2f-376b-423e-b851-80d4f9a0b1c7/LFTF_SidewalkVinyls_vinedos.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/571dc476-2fad-4aee-a613-37b1cfb64ca1/ddr-densho-151-369-mezzanine-f1de85f202.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
      <image:caption>El Depósito de Intendencia de Mira Loma suministraba a todas las instalaciones militares en el sur de California y Nevada. Esto incluía bases aéreas regionales, el Centro de Entrenamiento en el Desierto, el Campamento Haan y Manzanar, donde más de 10,000 personas de origen japonés fueron encarceladas durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Críticos del Depósito de Intendencia de Mira Loma denunciaron que los esfuerzos por suministrar alimentos de calidad a los comedores de Manzanar eran "antiamericanos," a pesar de que dos tercios de las personas encarceladas eran ciudadanos estadounidenses. Algunos de los suministros enviados a Manzanar se compraron a precios reducidos en Los Ángeles, donde las tiendas de comestibles japonesas habían sido forzadas a deshacerse rápidamente de su mercancías almacenadas. Estos productos alimenticios pronto volvieron a sus consumidores japoneses previstos, quienes ahora estaban detrás de alambres de púa. Esperando el almuerzo fuera de un comedor a mediodía, Manzanar, julio de 1942, foto de Dorothea Lange, Biblioteca del Congreso.</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/2b7523e8-44c5-4989-909c-165265311cd0/LFTF_SidewalkVinyls_deposito-de-suministros-Manzanar.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/44742747-f8b3-4176-969c-862400d72093/8_AlvinStaufferBook1948p119LoadingGasCansatMiraLomaQMD.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
      <image:caption>El Depósito de Suministros de Mira Loma tuvo dificultades para encontrar trabajadores para su operación en expansión. Dependian de mujeres civiles, que constituían el 80% de la fuerza laboral, y de los prisioneros en la Institución de Hombres de Chino, quienes trabajaban como manipuladores de carga. Las mujeres que aparecen aquí cargan latas de gasolina en el vagón del tren que espera. Depósito de Intendencia de Mira Loma, c. 1943, Alvin P. Stauffer, Sección Histórica, Oficina del Intendente General</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/2bd4925d-646f-4795-8566-2f96807a92ff/LFTF_SidewalkVinyls_vias-de-ferrocarril.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/3e3b1eab-3369-48a0-95a4-63843fc3853d/Titan_II_launch.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
      <image:caption>El Depósito y su Calle Principal continuaron operando durante la Guerra de Corea, hasta que la Fuerza Aérea se hizo cargo en 1955. En la década de 1960, el ejército almacenó misiles balísticos intercontinentales (ICBM) Atlas y Titan I desmantelados en el sitio. La propiedad fue vendida en 1966 a Space Center, un desarrollador privado de parques industriales que continuó su uso como centro logístico. Ex-empleados que trabajaron en el Mira Loma Space Center relatan cómo cosieron tiendas de campaña allí durante la era de la Guerra de Vietnam, soldaron acero y vieron desmantelar los ICBM en la década de 1970. Algunos creen que fantasmas habitan el sitio, un legado, quizás, del estatus del Depósito como "Centro de Distribución de Tumbas Americanas" durante la Guerra Fría. Titan II, postal, colección privada</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/5ff11d63-a679-4032-b87f-7f481cbe0c17/LFTF_SidewalkVinyls_centro-espacial-mira-loma.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/96b89b5f-9542-468a-ad02-eb847b7adba5/4-Mira-LomaHousesWalledIn_SCPR_173912-full.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
      <image:caption>Durante la década de 1950, Mira Loma Village ofreció el sueño suburbano. Se planeó un gran desarrollo de viviendas unifamiliares para ser construido sobre los antiguos viñedos de Guasti, adyacente al Depósito de Suministros. “Realmente lamento ver cómo se van las uvas,” dijo el veterano capataz de viñedos Jack Zuniga en 1955, “pero supongo que no podemos evitar el progreso.” Se completó un tramo del Village, pero parte del terreno se vendió para fines industriales comerciales. Una enmienda de 1987 al Plan General del Condado de Riverside permitió que vastas extensiones de viñedos, huertos cítricos y granjas lecheras fueran reemplazadas, una tras otra, por centros de “grandes cajas”. Hoy en día, las 101 casas de Mira Loma Village están rodeadas por todos lados por almacenes y tráfico de camiones. Mira Loma Village, 2017, foto de Maya Sugarman, KPCC</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/588ce1aa-f92d-47c6-a2fa-ed0bf29e9734/LFTF_SidewalkVinyls_sueno-suburbano.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/5c964b84-23ad-4170-a80e-6c6da29bcd17/LFTF_SidewalkVinyls_link+-logistics.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/ccd46633-2865-4725-b8e6-afcb1a9616ef/13a_Demo_MiraLoma_Space_Ctr_IMG_7184_Gudis.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
      <image:caption>En 2020, la recién formada división de planificación urbana de la ciudad de Jurupa Valley aprobó la remodelación del Space Center por parte de Link Logistics. Los almacenes de 1942 fueron demolidos, y la madera de secuoya, pino Douglas y traviesas de ferrocarril fueron recuperadas y transportadas a constructores de viviendas en Montana. Hoy en día, los almacenes de Amazon ocupan el terreno donde alguna vez se erguían los edificios de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. “Enlace: El futuro de la logística ha llegado,” 2022, fotografía de Catherine Gudis</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/163003b9-11c9-4a65-a25b-cab31af38f05/11_Walmart_Warehouse_Workers_March_ufcw770_CCby2.0.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
      <image:caption>Las protestas de los trabajadores de almacenes y los grupos comunitarios en las últimas décadas han llamado la atención sobre los costos laborales y ambientales de la creciente industria de la logística. Protestas como WalMarch han vinculado las luchas en los almacenes del Inland con las del Puerto de Los Ángeles. Tales protestas dan visibilidad a las condiciones laborales a lo largo de la cadena de suministro y, como escribe el académico Juan de Lara, implican “camiones diésel, trenes y barcos en la intoxicación y muerte prematura de comunidades pobres de color.” Warehouse Workers United, Dolores Huerta, cofundadora de United Farm Workers, y María Elena Durazo, líder de la Federación de Trabajo del Condado de Los Ángeles (ahora Senadora), 2012, UFCW International CC by 2.0</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/01fe535c-9424-4e07-9346-24d678f66e23/LFTF_SidewalkVinyls_logistica+.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/66320c0d-8f94-45a6-ae1b-eb73ffb105fd/ONT_0053.MP4.00_00_29_04.Still001.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
      <image:caption>Entre 2021 y 2022, Chino, Colton, Jurupa Valley, Norco, Pomona, Perris, Riverside y San Bernardino votaron sobre la posibilidad de imponer moratorias en el desarrollo de almacenes. La moratoria de Jurupa Valley en 2021 dio lugar a una "ordenanza de uso intensivo de camiones" que restringe el transporte de alto volumen a áreas específicas y prohíbe la construcción de nuevas estaciones de camiones y patios de almacenamiento de camiones. Algunos camioneros — especialmente aquellos que son propietarios y operadores de uno o dos camiones — se preguntan por qué deben soportar el peso de la política mientras las megacorporaciones pueden proceder sin restricciones. Otros se preguntan por qué las ciudades no reordenan el uso del suelo para restringir los desarrollos industriales y, en su lugar, asignan áreas para viviendas, las cuales son necesarias, no perjudican a los vecinos y aún contribuyen a la base tributaria municipal. Vista aérea de Mira Loma, 2024, foto de Eduardo Gonzales, peoplehistoryie.org</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/ce0e3631-71fd-4fe6-9d3e-43977c5217d9/LFTF_SidewalkVinyls_centro-de-recursos-para-trabajadores-de-almacen.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/dc225afe-7099-4a7f-8a02-aa4e98089781/palmdale-drivers-.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mira Loma</image:title>
      <image:caption>La logística representa hasta el 10% del Producto Interno Bruto de EE. UU., y Amazon tiene uno de los valores de mercado más altos de cualquier corporación en el mundo. Sin embargo, esto no se ha traducido en mejores empleos para la mayoría de los trabajadores en la región Inland. Los trabajadores de Amazon a nivel internacional han estado organizándose para buscar mejores condiciones laborales y salarios. En junio de 2023, los conductores de reparto de Amazon afiliados al Teamsters Local 396 se manifestaron en Iberia Ave., para pedir a la empresa que dejara de tomar represalias contra los esfuerzos de los trabajadores por sindicalizarse. “Los paquetes son más importantes para Amazon en este momento… Los entregué en una camioneta en el verano pasado. [La temperatura exterior alcanzó] 115 grados. Dentro de mi camioneta, estaba a 130 grados. No tengo aire acondicionado. Mis malditas ventanas ese día no bajaban.” —Brandi Diaz, conductora de reparto del Local 396 Huelga en Mira Loma 2023, cortesía de Teamsters Local 396 y The Frontline Observer</image:caption>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/es/westside-sb</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-02-07</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/c3f193f2-0700-4893-8abb-683009ae6aff/Between%2B1923%2B%2B1934%2Bslide.010.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
      <image:caption>A principios del siglo XX, San Bernardino era un centro de transporte clave en el Oeste americano, en gran parte gracias al Ferrocarril de Santa Fe. El patio de trenes era el pilar económico del Westside, donde generaciones de trabajadores mexicanos, afroamericanos y blancos laboraron en los talleres de maquinaria y en la terminal de carga. Las familias negras y mexicanas comenzaron a establecerse en el Westside en números crecientes a partir de principios del siglo XX. Para la década de 1920, agentes inmobiliarios, propietarios blancos y el gobierno de la ciudad empezaron a erigir barreras formales e informales para segregar a las familias negras y mexicanas en Westside, al otro lado de las vías del ferrocarril. “Era tranquilo. Muchas familias negras y mexicanas vivían aquí. Un poco más allá, familias italianas. Y en estas casas, familias blancas.” —Jennie Ybarra, antigua propietaria de Ybarra’s Market. Para 1940, Westside era un vecindario vibrante y multirracial, donde los mexicanos constituían entre el 50% y el 80% de la población. La población negra también estaba creciendo (17%) entre las calles 6 y 9, concentrada alrededor de las dos iglesias negras más antiguas de la ciudad en la calle 6. Vista aérea del patio de trenes de Santa Fe entre 1923 y 1934, cortesía de la Sociedad Histórica de San Bernardino y el Museo del Ferrocarril.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/dd59c58b-63ca-4249-a351-0056d7794d0c/Mt-Vernon-Ave-traffic-jam.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Un vibrante distrito comercial del Westside creció desde la década de 1920 hasta la de 1950 a lo largo de Mt. Vernon Ave. con pequeñas tiendas de comestibles en toda la comunidad. En 1953, antes de la construcción de la autopista, el Westside representaba el 62% del poder adquisitivo en San Bernardino. “De hecho, para 1959,” explica el historiador Mark Ocegueda, “la esquina de Mt. Vernon y 5th St. era la intersección más concurrida del condado, con 34,000 vehículos que ingresaban regularmente al cruce diario.” “En esta área, había 12 pequeñas tiendas... Todos estaban haciendo su pequeño negocio en la zona. Como dije, eso fue antes de que llegara la autopista.” —Raul Raya, quien creció arriba de Ybarra Market y lo poseyó durante los últimos 7 años. Atasco de tráfico en Mt. Vernon Ave., década de 1950, cortesía de Steve Oquendo y Mark Ocegueda.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/9b006cb2-639f-4b7e-9a06-13634510c8e9/Jenny_2_rodney.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/c63bbb18-874d-4011-8fd6-c5385522a7d5/2024.007.027.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Andrés y Pascuala Ybarra compraron Ybarra 's Market en 1946. Migraron a San Bernardino desde Guanajuato en abril de 1927. Andrés cosechó cítricos en East Highland, ayudó a construir la Base de la Fuerza Aérea Norton y trabajó en Kaiser Steel. Su camino reflejó el de muchos inmigrantes mexicanos. Pascuala se hizo cargo de la tienda familiar, que atendía a muchos trabajadores de Santa Fe. Después de jubilarse, su hija Jennie Ybarra dirigió la tienda durante décadas y luego su sobrino Raúl Raya mantuvo el negocio familiar. Andrés y Pascuala Ybarra con su hijo Carlos, 1950, cortesía de Raúl Raya.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/4e3659ea-d8ba-493d-a6ae-a781c6151688/Virginia%2C-Jennie-and-Pascuala-Ybarra-.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Jennie Ybarra recordó cómo su familia siempre cuidó de la comunidad permitiéndoles llevar artículos a crédito durante tiempos difíciles. “Todos pasamos por momentos difíciles, lo entendemos. Hay muchas personas que están agradecidas. Y nosotros también estamos agradecidos porque ellos fueron nuestro pan y mantequilla, ¿sabes?” —Jennie Ybarra Estas relaciones de confianza con las tiendas del vecindario fueron vitales para las familias que luchaban por llegar a fin de mes, cuando el racismo confinaba a los trabajadores mexicanos y negros a empleos de bajos salarios. Virginia, Jennie y Pascuala Ybarra con los niños en el Mercado Ybarra, cortesía de Jennie Ybarra.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/db1ee47a-b872-40a9-b31f-757bc26bc2e5/ben_1_rodney.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/437a3119-6ab8-4f80-8d75-c8e7c43c3f06/I-Street-Photo-Train-courtesy-of-Santa-Fe-Museum.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Las vías del tren corrían por la I Street, formando una frontera entre el Westside y el centro, incluso a principios del siglo XX. Aunque la segregación concentraba a las comunidades de color “al otro lado de las vías,” las vías del ferrocarril eran una frontera muy porosa. Los residentes del Westside podían cruzar fácilmente las vías hacia el centro. Los autos también cruzaban las vías mientras seguían la Ruta 66 a través del corazón del Westside. Raúl Raya, quien creció arriba del mercado de su familia, miraba los trenes desde su ventana y cruzaba las vías hacia la escuela Harding para jugar con amigos “en el lado blanco de la ciudad.” Los vecinos recuerdan cuando a veces los trenes se detenían frente al Mercado Ybarra en Spruce y los ferroviarios bajaban a comprar bocadillos en la tienda. Ybarra’s era un lugar informal de encuentro para los trabajadores de Santa Fe, que se reunían en la parte de atrás con cervezas los viernes por la noche. Vías del tren a lo largo de la I Street mirando hacia el sur desde 6th St., mostrando los cruces peatonales, años 1950 (antes de la autopista), cortesía de Santa Fe Railway Historical &amp; Modeling Society.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/4efee811-5c82-43a6-8cc7-258ca8e1f82e/ben_2_rodney.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/4f37b51b-2926-4d71-b4ea-ab7da10fad88/IMG_0144.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
      <image:caption>En la década de 1950, James Guthrie, un poderoso empresario de San Bernardino y Comisionado de Carreteras de California, impulsó la construcción de una autopista norte-sur a través de San Bernardino para abordar la congestión en la Ruta 66. Se construyó a lo largo de la Calle I, a pesar de las preocupaciones de los propietarios de negocios del Westside sobre los posibles impactos económicos de la autopista. “Una vez que llegó la autopista, todas las salidas iban hacia el lado este. Por eso el Westside decayó. No teníamos acceso para que la gente viniera. Así que para los años 70, la tienda estaba empezando a decaer.” —Raul Raya Conocida por los locales como el “Muro de Berlín,” la autopista 215 sirvió como una barrera de concreto que dividió a San Bernardino y profundizó la segregación. Las salidas desviaban el tráfico hacia el centro y dejaban sin clientes a los negocios a lo largo del corredor de Mt. Vernon. La mayoría de las calles ya no conectaban, y negocios como el de Ybarra se encontraron aislados en calles que terminaban en la autopista. Autopista, Mapa Topográfico Histórico 1959, Colección de Mapas Topográficos Históricos, cortesía de USGS, Esri.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/130a932b-a96b-47ab-bfb4-5f6ab7f4781d/Ybarra%27s---Lydia-%26-Raul-.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
      <image:caption>La familia Ybarra, al igual que muchos comerciantes, ha perseverado a través del declive económico del Westside. “Estamos en una zona difícil,” dijo un empresario al San Bernardino Sun en septiembre de 1980. “Pero no mudaría mi negocio.” Veintiún años después de la construcción de la autopista, las encuestas mostraron que el área del distrito comercial de Mt. Vernon se había vuelto “desolada” y estaba “en un ciclo de decadencia rápida.” “Hay académicos y organizadores que hablan de esta ‘violencia lenta’ asociada con la cadena de suministro. Creo que esta situación se encuentra en esa línea de pensamiento, porque tomó aproximadamente dos décadas para que esos efectos se sintieran.” —Mark Ocegueda Raúl y Lydia Raya en Ybarra 's Market, donde él creció y trabajó durante muchos años, cortesía de Rodney Muñoz.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/8666e3cf-c0fe-452c-bcf0-aa63027b0cdd/Virginia-Rooney-with-Rebecca-and-family.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Rebecca Chacón recuerda montar en bicicleta por la Spruce Street y jugar junto a las vías del tren con amigos en las décadas de 1980 y 1990. Su abuela, Virginia Rooney, trabajó en Ybarra’s Market durante más de 30 años. Ella vio cómo la estabilidad económica disminuía en el vecindario a medida que grandes empleadores como los talleres de Santa Fe, Kaiser Steel y la Base de la Fuerza Aérea Norton cerraban a principios de los años 90. “Los tiempos han cambiado. Nunca volverá a ser lo que era”, lamenta Chacón. Virginia Rooney con su hija Vickie Guzmán, Sylvia Rodríguez y su nieta Rebecca Chacón, cortesía de Rebecca Chacón.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/73f22d24-0735-4100-a2e1-64eff9642022/IMG_2775.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
      <image:caption>La autopista fue reconstruida en la década de 2010, esta vez con rampas de salida que desvían el tráfico tanto hacia el este como hacia el oeste. Pero el Westside ha seguido viendo impactos desproporcionados por la expansión de BNSF Railway y la industria de almacenamiento. El constante desfile de camiones y trenes que pasan por este corredor ha convertido a este vecindario en una zona de muerte por diésel. Mercado Ybarra con contenedores de Amazon en el tren que pasa, foto de Anthony Victoria, cortesía de The Frontline Observer.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/55d58e04-66c4-463c-b47e-e30e23f28d12/RaulyLydia_3_rodney.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/84fd634f-1b31-418e-a676-ef08d31e47d5/BNSF-spox-Lena-Kent-with-Alicia-Aguayo-right-and-Lucy-Sunga-%28center%29.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Los residentes se están organizando para responsabilizar a BNSF y a la industria de la logística para mejorar la calidad del aire en la región, presionándolos para que eliminen gradualmente los motores diésel y reduzcan las emisiones. Benjamin Luna dice que a veces luchar contra grandes empresas como BNSF parece una batalla cuesta arriba. Pero, afirma que encuentra una forma de resistencia en su jardín junto al mercado de Ybarra, donde cultiva y comparte alimentos con sus vecinos, manteniendo el espíritu comunitario del Westside vivo para la próxima generación.. BNSF Rail Track Extension Tour: Lena Kent con Alicia Aguayo (a la derecha) y Lucy Sunga (en el centro). Foto de Anthony Victoria, cortesía de The Frontline Observer.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/9b12f736-4d81-4618-9c81-e820ded252d3/RaulyLydia_4_rodney.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/d25fcfe2-50ce-4f0d-84a2-58baff2f33f0/IMG_0145.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Raul Raya colocó este letrero en la esquina, a una cuadra de la tienda, tratando de mantener viva la herencia de este negocio histórico. “Lo puse allí para que la gente pudiera ver que Ybarra's aún está abierto. No tenemos mucho tráfico por aquí, pero las personas que nos conocen desde hace tanto tiempo, por eso seguimos abiertos.” —Raul Raya En primavera de 2024, Raul Raya vendió la tienda, pero los nuevos propietarios mantendrán vivo el nombre y la memoria de este negocio histórico. Letrero de "Ybarra's está abierto", cortesía de Rebecca Chacon.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/30d91843-0ff0-46f1-a465-881d50b60ab5/car-show-ybarra.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Westside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Es difícil exagerar el cariño que la gente siente por la pequeña tienda de comestibles de Westside. Cuando la gente se enteró de su cierre, los recuerdos comenzaron a surgir en Facebook e Instagram. La gente recordaba el mejor menudo de la ciudad, la mortadela que se podía cortar a cualquier grosor y el amor y el cuidado que recibían de los dueños cada vez que visitaban. Un hombre escribió: “cada vez que entraba, [Jennie] me llamaba m’ijo.” Un club de autos local organizó un recorrido por la tienda, saludando a la propietaria de toda la vida, Jennie, a una cuadra de distancia, donde se sentó en el porche para ser celebrada por la comunidad. Exhibición de autos lowrider en celebración de la familia Ybarra y el mercado tras el cierre, cortesía de Phil Florez.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/es/eastside-riv</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-02-07</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/42909628-d16f-4e49-a08c-c88dffa2061e/LivefromtheFrontline_Eastside_infraestructura.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>A finales del siglo XIX, la industria de los cítricos enriqueció a Riverside, con el ingreso por cápita más alto de los EE. UU. Los canales de riego, las empacadoras y los ferrocarriles transcontinentales formaron la columna vertebral de la agricultura industrial de la región</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/aa358cce-4dbb-4e78-a705-ef778a4ea723/2_Aerial_View_Santa_Fe_RR_Riverside_master-pnp-habshaer-ca-ca1600-ca1674-photos-036465pu.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>La infraestructura de la industria de cítricos sentó las bases para la logística de la cadena de suministro actual, que es el segundo negocio más grande del estado. Tres líneas de tren diferentes, un canal de riego y una avenida bordeada de palmeras solían correr paralelas a lo largo de Commerce St. El corredor también incluía depósitos de carga y pasajeros, así como una multitud de rampas y plataformas para que los vagones cargaran fruta de los empaquetadores adyacentes. Vista aérea de Commerce St., con la estación Santa Fe en el centro, 1968. Registro histórico de ingeniería estadounidense, Biblioteca del Congreso.</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/41c67cfd-5367-4e62-bea0-ae923d93e066/1a_Train-through-Groves_CG.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Los visitantes de Riverside y otras ciudades del cinturón de cítricos hacían circular postales de colores brillantes de frutas doradas, arboledas verdes y montañas cubiertas de nieve. Estas imágenes celebraban una armonía imaginada entre tecnología innovadora, industria rentable y naturaleza cultivada. También destacaron la distinción del sur de California de otras ciudades industriales. Postal, “Viajando por los Naranjales, en Riverside, California”, década de 1910. Cortesía de C. Gudis.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/6e15d4e1-ddeb-4249-9c88-a6991d813bc5/img20170716_14363858.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Los trenes transportaban pasajeros además de cítricos. Para atraer a los turistas, los habitantes de Riverside enfatizaron la herencia de fantasía de los Dons Españoles y las sensuales Señoritas en su vestimenta y arquitectura de la ciudad. Fotografía promocional de la inauguración de la estación Union Pacific, “Recíbelos con naranjas”, realizada por la Cámara de Comercio de Riverside, 1926, Museo de Riverside.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/9809a437-16bd-4861-8c10-0f79ebb4941b/A--Cleaning-the-Canal-ca-1895-001.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>El Canal Gage, ahora cubierto, corre paralelo a las vías del tren a lo largo de Commerce St. El canal de riego permitió que la producción de cítricos se duplicara poco después de su finalización a fines de la década de 1880. Los canales abiertos acumulaban arena, barro y plantas, lo que requería cierres y limpiezas periódicas, como tuvieron que hacer estos jóvenes en 1920. Los habitantes del Eastside solían jugar en el canal (a pesar de los peligros) hasta que fue cubierto. Jóvenes negros limpiando el canal Gage (1920), Museo de Riverside.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/a2272ee3-2df0-4158-ae59-fca3540375f9/14399b.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>El histórico corredor industrial de cítricos incluía almacenes frigoríficos y talleres de maquinaria como el edificio de ladrillos Iron Works, justo al sur en Vine St. Esta foto muestra el camión de pinza recientemente inventado y fabricado allí. Las nuevas tecnologías de procesamiento y refrigeración aceleraron la producción creando una cadena de suministro de cítricos eficiente. Hombre cargando un vagón de tren con un camión de pinza, años 30. Colecciones especiales y archivos universitarios, UC Riverside.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/10066f01-236c-4e05-9323-b41371fa1f8c/LivefromtheFrontline_Eastside_casas-de-empaques.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Unos pocos almacenes en ruinas del siglo XIX son todo lo que queda del distrito industrial de empacadoras de cítricos que alguna vez estuvo en auge a lo largo de la histórica avenida Pachappa (ahora Commerce St). Desde aquí, las naranjas y otras frutas cítricas se transportaban a todo el país y al mundo, de la misma manera que Amazon y otros grandes almacenes transportan mercancías a las tiendas y a los consumidores.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/a89ceb5c-e744-44b1-8728-ac56ca348cf0/IMG_0937.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Gilmore’s Trucks” dice el letrero en el almacén en la esquina de 5th y Commerce para la estructura ahora cerrada. Construido en la década de 1890 como una empaquetadora de cítricos, que prestaba Pachappa, Strachan y otros productores de fruta, el edificio está desolado. Su futuro probable es la demolición por negligencia o la destrucción para reurbanización. Vista de la esquina de Fifth y Commerce St., Riverside, 2023, cortesía de Henry Apodaca.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/32f8f1d1-ebab-4194-b794-6274226c9af6/20_View_Facade_Natl_Orange_Co_Packing_House_3604-Commerce-St-Riverside_master-pnp-habshaer-ca-ca1600-ca1677-color-570763cu.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Desafortunadamente, todo lo que queda de la empacadora de National Orange Co. en Commerce St. es un terreno baldío y un antiguo muelle de carga. Inaugurada en 1898, era la empacadora en funcionamiento más antigua del mundo cuando se incendió en 2001. A unas cuadras de distancia, Blue Banner Co., en Third St., es la única empacadora de cítricos que aún funciona en el distrito histórico. Registro histórico de ingeniería estadounidense, empacadora de la Compañía Nacional Naranja, 1968. Biblioteca del Congreso.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/ef515bf1-22e0-4403-a528-b7bfaa69a69b/Sutherland-Fruit-Co--Interior--Tourist-Area-001.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>La empacadora estilo Mission Revival de fachada falsa de Sutherland Fruit Company aún se mantiene en pie (Old Spaghetti Factory, 3191 Mission Inn Ave.). Era donde los turistas podían ver el empaquetado de frutas en acción desde una plataforma elevada especialmente construida. Después, podrían probar la fruta y enviarla a casa. Interior de la empacadora de Sutherland Fruit Co., sala de recepción de visitantes, década de 1890. Museo de Riverside.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/80094eb0-0e9e-4c87-9da9-6a05b85ff7f8/ChineseLaborersDevinePHRiverside.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Los trabajadores chinos aportaron su experiencia a la creciente industria de los cítricos a finales del siglo XIX. Posan para esta foto en la empacadora F. B. Devine en 6th y Pachappa/Commerce en 1888. Trabajadores chinos y, al fondo del centro, en mangas de camisa blanca, C.G. Warren, 1888. Colecciones especiales y archivos universitarios, UC Riverside.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/0f557341-9607-4a9b-865a-3aad17dcb707/Chicana-Packers-720dpi-001.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Al menos desde la década de 1920, las latinas trabajaron en empacadoras de cítricos. En la década de 1930 les pagaban 33 centavos por caja. Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, realizaban la mayor parte del trabajo en las empacadoras.A menudo, las mujeres formaban relaciones estrechas mientras trabajaban en la línea. Lupe Vásquez, Margaret Rodríguez y Elsie Frogge de Riverside, década de 1940. Museo de Riverside.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/e1c2f9d9-292e-4f06-a473-0bfcbd0bccee/2-packing-house-broad-view-line-of-women.png</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Como tenía una tía que trabajaba allí, le preguntaba: ‘¿Cómo envuelves esas naranjas tan rápido?’ [Ella] dice, Mija, simplemente ponemos la naranja en el papel que tenemos en la mano, y luego la naranja y las giramos, y luego la metemos en la caja.“ — Esther Ambriz Las latinas siguen siendo la mano de obra principal para seleccionar, clasificar y empacar cítricos, aunque las prácticas contemporáneas rara vez incluyen los envoltorios de papel de marca de una generación anterior. Entonces y ahora, los almacenes son ruidosos y la línea de montaje requiere movimientos repetitivos a un ritmo rápido. Foto de Thomas McGovern, de "Manos, Espaldas, y Blossoms", 2017. Cortesía del artista.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/14ed1814-b3d2-4e2b-8454-8d387ea2bb18/Amazon-Warehouse-Floor-Belt.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Los almacenes y centros de distribución de hoy comparten características con las empacadoras de ayer, más allá de su ubicación a lo largo de las líneas ferroviarias y de camiones. Ambos son trabajos con salarios bajos, a menudo temporales, y en entornos ruidosos y de ritmo rápido sujetos a calor o frío excesivos. Los empacadores realizan un trabajo agotador para mantenerse al día con las líneas de ensamblaje de rápido movimiento. La automatización está desplazando a trabajadores en ambas industrias. Línea de clasificación de Amazon, 2015. Reuters/Robert Galbraith.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/e2a27df9-b683-407f-ba47-6d176da35285/LivefromtheFrontline_Eastside_recolectores-de-citricos.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Hasta finales de la década de 1950, los huertos de cítricos se extendían al norte y al este de Commerce St., adyacentes a los barrios residenciales. En las primeras décadas del siglo XX, muchos blancos e inmigrantes de Eastside recogían cítricos, mientras que muchos afroamericanos trabajaban para los ferrocarriles y el transporte por carretera. El auge de los cítricos se detuvo lentamente después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial cuando las industrias de la zona se transformaron y se necesitaba más terreno para viviendas suburbanas. La mayor parte de la agroindustria de los cítricos se trasladó al Valle Central.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/68d09333-1be1-41b6-b589-c33c20e64c5e/Riv-City-Agr-Cit-V-24--Japanese-laborer-riding-through-the-groves-on-his-bicycle.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Las bicicletas permitieron a los hombres viajar de arboleda en arboleda, en busca de mejores salarios y condiciones laborales. La Oficina Laboral Japonesa en la esquina de 14th y Pachappa, por ejemplo, también albergaba una tienda de bicicletas. Trabajador japonés de cítricos en bicicleta en las arboledas. Biblioteca pública de Riverside.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/cd1f4903-9de1-495f-8f77-e3cdee4e370f/2021.001.045.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>La mayoría de los miembros de la familia ayudaban durante la cosecha de cítricos. Los miembros más pequeños de la familia se escabullían bajo los árboles para buscar frutos caídos o recogerlos de las ramas más bajas. Las familias mexicanas los llamaban cariñosamente “ratas”. Muchos se iban para seguir la cosecha de otros cultivos durante el verano. Los miembros de las familias Eastside Venegas, Lozano y Vasquez cosecharon albaricoques en Hemet durante los veranos de la década de 1940. Cortesía de Manuel Venegas, peopleshistoryie.org</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/eab47a50-6eb7-47e7-b877-bd6b60b492f7/5b_Smudge-Pot-Night-Scene_UCR.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Si bien los promotores de los cítricos a menudo retrataban a la industria citrícola con imágenes bucólicas de hermosas arboledas limpias, la producción de cítricos a menudo contaminaba el medio ambiente y afectaba la salud de los trabajadores. Para proteger las arboledas de las heladas, los trabajadores quemaban aceite en ollas para crear ondas de humo. Los vecinos a favor del viento recuerdan que el hollín cubría los alféizares de las ventanas y que tenían que lavar la ropa para evitar que el denso humo dañara su ropa. Iluminación nocturna con lámparas de humo en arboledas. Colecciones especiales y archivos universitarios, UC Riverside.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/5c9e2776-2544-4970-ac1a-13daf1d953f2/Venegas003.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>De 1942 a 1964, ciudadanos mexicanos llamados braceros fueron traídos a Riverside como trabajadores de los cítricos. Ocuparon puestos que quedaron vacantes cuando otros hombres ingresaron al ejército o realizaron trabajos de defensa más lucrativos. Joe Venegas, Sr., residente de Eastside desde hace mucho tiempo, cuya familia había emigrado de México en la década de 1910, era líder de cuadrilla y transportaba braceros en camiones hacia y desde diferentes arboledas. Joe Venegas Sr. (abajo a la izquierda, junto a su hijo) y braceros, que trabajan en L.V.W. Arboledas marrones, años 50. Cortesía de Manuel y Yolanda Venegas, peopleshistoryie.org</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/1e29cc16-f79c-4ac9-9cb2-67b40865935e/Citrus-park-5.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Los recolectores de hoy son en su mayoría hombres inmigrantes latinos. Su mano de obra se maneja de manera similar a la logística. Son contratados por terceros según sea necesario. Después de que el auge de los cítricos se detuviera lentamente, las tierras agrícolas y los huertos en I.E. ofrecieron a los desarrolladores de almacenes una extensión de propiedad necesaria; lo mismo está comenzando a suceder en el Valle Central. Foto de Thomas McGovern de la serie “Manos, Espaldas, y Blossoms”, 2017. Cortesía del artista.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/b5c19a23-eed0-4688-b417-3ad79c1164fa/LivefromtheFrontline_Eastside_vecindario.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Los inmigrantes cubrieron las necesidades de mano de obra agrícola de Riverside y un Eastside diverso creció al servicio de la industria. Familias negras y mexicanas vivían junto a trabajadores blancos y asentamientos japoneses y coreanos.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/c1202e02-f2fc-4a17-b1a5-c60a3a98009b/Kim_101.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Los hombres chinos vivían en barracas de madera cuando construyeron el ferrocarril aquí en la década de 1880. Más tarde, las familias coreanas se mudaron, creando Campamento Pachappa— el primer Koreatown organizado en los EE.UU. Fue etiquetado en los mapas como “Chabolas Coreanas” y estaba al otro lado de la calle de las “Chabolas Japonesas”. Mary Paik Lee describe el lugar donde vivió entre 1906 y 1911 como una sola habitación con pisos de tierra y sin plomería ni electricidad. Para ganar algo de dinero, la madre de Lee cocinaba alimentos para treinta hombres solteros que trabajaban en los huertos. Compraba, a crédito, los suministros en Chinatown, aunque no podía comunicarse ni en chino ni en inglés. Niño coreano cerca de un asentamiento junto a las vías del ferrocarril. Colecciones especiales y archivos universitarios, UC Riverside. Cortesía del Centro YOK de Estudios Coreano-Americanos.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/20050e75-0cf6-4518-903b-7f0d364e1fe1/Harada-children.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>La familia Harada compró una casa en Eastside a nombre de sus hijos nacidos en Estados Unidos, ya que la Ley de Tierras Extranjeras de California (1912) prohibía a los inmigrantes japoneses poseer tierras. Unos años más tarde, hicieron lo mismo en Lemon St., pero sus vecinos blancos se quejaron y los llevaron a los tribunales. Los Harada ganaron el caso, aunque no revocaron la Ley de Tierras Extranjeras. Los inmigrantes japoneses no obtuvieron el derecho a convertirse en ciudadanos naturalizados hasta 1952. Familia de Jukichi y Ken Harada. Museo de Riverside.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/3290d64d-2c9f-40cc-8230-564987c73a19/2021.002.004.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Gilbert G. Vásquez (1933-2024), visto aquí en uniforme, tuvo una trayectoria similar a la de otros latinos de Eastside de su generación. El ejército era una vía hacia mejores empleos, fuera del trabajo relacionado con los cítricos. Vásquez pasó 30 años en el Departamento del Sheriff. Foto de familia Vásquez en 2522 11th Street, 1942. Sociedad Histórica Mexicana-Americana del Condado de Riverside, peopleshistoryie.org</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/848fc36b-5431-457a-920f-05e75ad766e6/Shades-of-Riverside---Toni-and-Albert.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Los automóviles significaron movilidad social y económica para las familias trabajadoras a principios del siglo XX. La cultura del automóvil y los cruceros cruzaron barreras raciales. En Buster's Auto Repair, los blancos de élite y los niños del vecindario podían aprender de la sabiduría mecánica y de vida de Buster Jones. Toni Allison, 4; Albert Wallace, Jr., 2; y un Chrysler Windsor de 1948 en 4517 Howard Ave., Riverside, 1952. Shades of Riverside, Biblioteca pública de Riverside.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/c92c093e-9d9f-40c0-8711-5314ee64967f/DJC_2890.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Los clubes de automóviles organizan importantes eventos sociales y comunitarios en I.E. Commerce St. ha sido un espacio de congregación y exhibición de lowriders antiguos, a pesar del peligro para la conducción que representan las vías del ferrocarril abandonadas. Se planea un desarrollo significativo para Commerce St., incluido un atajo en Fourth St. para dar paso al paso subterráneo de Third St. Se planea un desarrollo residencial para Commerce desde Mission Inn Ave. hasta Fifth St., que preservará el Barley Mills y el almacén de cítricos de principios de siglo. ¡Disfruta del corredor histórico industrial de los cítricos mientras sus restos aún son visibles! Exposición de autos en Commerce St., 2023, foto de Diana Campos, cortesía de Henry Apodaca.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/3d67cc5d-4e4b-427e-8277-705df1f00205/LivefromtheFrontline_Eastside_reuniones.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Redes sociales sólidas se forjaron en el Eastside a medida que los vecinos se reunían en parques, tiendas y otros espacios. Las personas se cuidaban mutuamente dentro de este vecindario multirracial, que se sentía como un pequeño pueblo dentro de los límites de la ciudad segregada de Riverside. Algunas personas de color abrieron tiendas para servir a la comunidad, lo que les permitió dejar el trabajo agrícola. Sin embargo, antes de finales de la década de 1960, sus opciones de vivienda fuera del Eastside seguían siendo limitadas.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/bfec6c94-c58e-4277-b53e-ed31b15446c2/2021.004.035.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Muchas tiendas pequeñas daban servicio al Eastside, con Park Ave. como su columna vertebral comercial. Tony y Mary Chavarrios dirigieron la pequeña tienda de comestibles en 4098 Park Ave. de 1939 a 1985, que anteriormente había sido propiedad de George Sakaguchi y de uno de los tres inversores negros que construyeron el Colored Mercantile Hall (Orange Valley Lodge #13) en 1905 la calle 12. Tony's Market todavía está abierto. Foto de Tony, Mary, Juanita y Betty Chavarrios con su amiga Lucy (finales de la década de 1940).Sociedad Histórica Mexicana Americana del Condado de Riverside, peopleshistoryie.org</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/79711d00-8b49-4367-a5d3-a47561e1465c/%237-Max-%26-Josefina-Medina-circa-1970.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Oscar y Josefina Medina abrieron en 1963 el restaurante Zacatecas, un café sin líneas de color, donde todos eran bienvenidos. Aunque se ha mudado dos veces desde entonces, Zacatecas sigue siendo un centro familiar de Eastside, tanto por el chisme como por la comida. Max y Josefina Medina sentados en el mostrador de Zacatecas, c. 1971 Cortesía de William Medina, peopleshistoryie.org.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/bd7f754b-7dc8-4ba9-8a6c-f604b552b9a2/%2316-Suzie-Medina-%26-Leer-Larkin-%28close-family-friend%29.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>El pintor y escultor Leer Larkin dirigió Nosotros Fine Arts Workshop, a pocas puertas del Café Zacatecas, desde la década de 1970 hasta su muerte en 1992. Trabajó en beneficio del Eastside, comenzando clases de arte al aire libre a mediados de la década de 1960, haciendo de Nosotros un lugar de encuentro cultural para poetas, artistas e intérpretes, y defendiendo constantemente la justicia social. Suzie Medina y Leer Larkin en Zacatecas en University Ave., 1990. Cortesía de William Medina, peopleshistoryie.org.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/485e0877-87c8-4b83-b305-38b758e5b791/2021.005.045.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Lincoln Park era el corazón de la comunidad. Fue construido en 1924 con piscina y 3 edificios para albergar la Casa de Asentamiento Comunitario. Lincoln Park fue sede de juegos de béisbol nocturnos muy populares y competitivos. En la década de 1940, las rivalidades entre los equipos de Eastside y Casablanca se volvieron noticia y los periódicos hablaban regularmente sobre el mal comportamiento entre las “pandillas”. Equipo de Eastside Merchant, 1948. Sociedad histórica Mexicano-Americana del condado de Riverside, peopleshistoryie.org.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/137612b2-153b-4184-814a-1aee88c421f7/MS026_B11_1236.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>Orange Valley Masonic Lodge #13 abrió sus puertas en 1905 en 12th St. y Park Ave. El primer piso era una tienda de comestibles, viviendas y, en 1965, una Escuela de la Libertad que brindaba educación a los estudiantes de Eastside cuando sus padres exigían integración escolar. El segundo piso albergó organizaciones negras, bailes filipinos y reuniones de campaña para políticos BIPOC. El albergue también fue una parada para políticos blancos y figuras cívicas negras. Fotografía grupal de miembros de la Orden de la Estrella del Este parados frente al Orange Valley Lodge #13, década de 1950. Biblioteca pública de Oakland.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/75161012-da9c-4cce-b030-ea9588b675a9/ArthouseGroup1.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Eastside</image:title>
      <image:caption>En 2021, Juan Navarro inauguró Eastside Artspace, un estudio de arte comunitario. Algunos residentes del Eastside recuerdan este tramo de Park Ave. de la década de 1940, cuando la familia López tenía una tienda de comestibles, y donde Palmer's Chicken Shack abrió en 1945, con Palmer’s Dry Cleaners al lado. En 1960, Blue Note Record Shop se mudó, otro referente local. Navarro es Artista en Residencia en el Museo de Arte de Riverside y ha pintado murales a lo largo de este tramo del Eastside con la colaboración de miembros de la comunidad, para recordarnos el vibrante pasado y presente del Eastside. Artistas de Eastside Arthouse en 4177 Park Avenue, 2022, cortesía eastsidearthouse.studio</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/es/bloomington</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-02-07</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/d48481da-968a-49f6-90a5-158086ce0786/IMG_0105.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Bloomington, Rialto y Fontana fueron establecidas por Semi-Tropic Land and Development Company en 1887. Los residentes eran en su mayoría agricultores y el área se hizo famosa por sus ricas cosechas de cítricos. Un anuncio de Mission Land Co. en el programa de 1911 del National Orange Show describía el producto cítrico de Bloomington como “sin plagas ni heladas”. Empaquetadora y empleados de Bloomington Fruit Association, década de 1890, cortesía del Museo del Condado de San Bernardino, www.sbcounty.gov/museum</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/b71f45d3-d266-4871-a861-b0d406e4c75d/01.-bloomingtonsign.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Próximamente, la Escuela Primaria Zimmerman será demolida, reconstruida en otro sitio cercano y reemplazada por más almacenes. La señalización del Monumento Histórico No. 3 reconoce la historia de la comunidad, 2024. Foto: Tamara Cedré.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/8189e886-79e6-4ac9-b5d4-0feed143992b/IMG_0104.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Entre mediados y finales de la década de 1950, la construcción de la autopista I-10 dividió Bloomington y obstaculizó los esfuerzos de los residentes para incorporarse. Virginia Geil, quien se organizó para preservar la historia de Bloomington, describió el efecto: “Cuando pasaron por la autopista, Bloomington se quedó sin corazón”. Cedar Ave. en High St., una vía central en Bloomington antes del corte de la autopista I-10, cortesía del Museo del Condado de San Bernardino, www.sbcounty.gov/museum</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/3f57d033-d9a2-44f2-91c6-2742703bd7ad/02.-bloomboxes.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Miembros de la comunidad decoraron cajas de cartón con mensajes sobre sus luchas y esperanzas, instaladas temporalmente en la Escuela Primaria Zimmerman, 2024. Foto: Tamara Cedré.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/f021eba9-49c0-4345-856f-2f86f82e5f57/Welcome_to_Bloomington.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Los esfuerzos opuestos para remodelar los límites de Bloomington comenzaron en la década de 1960. Algunos grupos locales se organizaron para impulsar la incorporación de la ciudad, con la esperanza de ejercer un mayor control sobre el desarrollo futuro de la zona. En cambio, los funcionarios del condado permitieron que Rialto y Fontana anexaran algunas partes del suroeste y sureste de Bloomington. Estas regiones anexadas se convertirían en las primeras en experimentar una rápida expansión del almacenamiento a principios de la década de 2000. “Bloomington solía ser mucho más grande cuando nos mudamos aquí por primera vez. Pero siguen socavándolo”. —Margaret Razo, residente de Bloomington desde principios de los años 1970 Bienvenidos a Bloomington, 2023, foto de Fernanda Durazo, cortesía de la artista</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/8f44b1f4-0684-4ca9-8a0a-caf6d8c4da40/03.-Durazo_IMG_2184.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Residente decorando una caja, 2024. Foto: Fernanda Durazo.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/a52f65d9-054d-41e7-a7da-eecea45edabc/cnb-lasso-boy-.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>En la década de 2000, la población de Bloomington era entre 60% y 80% latina. Los nuevos residentes utilizaron la tierra para caballos, cultivos y criar a la próxima generación en las tradiciones culturales de México. “Mis padres son de México y todos los veranos regresábamos. El rancho, el estilo de vida agrícola: es algo cultural. Entonces, cuando pudimos encontrar nuestros 2 acres en Bloomington, fue para que fuéramos propietarios de la casa, por supuesto, pero también para que nuestros hijos crecieran, ya sabes, con nuestras tradiciones. Fue simplemente un sueño hecho realidad”. —Ana Carlos Un joven de Bloomington demuestra sus habilidades con un lazo, típico de la cultura charra (jinete) mexicana, 2022, fotografía de Anthony Victoria, cortesía de The Frontline Observer</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/a4270fec-1d0e-4187-a34f-dca7d8a08cb1/04.-Josue-photo-of-looking.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Instalación de cajas de envío adornadas con mensajes de los miembros de la comunidad, 2024. Foto: Josue Muñoz.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/6edc9503-8c99-42c3-907f-8bc69a22dd25/DSC_0496.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Howard Industrial Partners actualmente está convirtiendo franjas de terrenos residenciales y públicos en almacenes. En 2022, recibieron la aprobación del condado de San Bernardino para rezonificar 213 acres en el futuro Bloomington Business Park. Amenazada por este nuevo desarrollo está la Escuela Primaria Zimmerman de 1953, que ha atendido a generaciones de estudiantes. Margaret Razo asistió a la primaria Zimmerman, al igual que sus hermanos e hijos. Ahora está prevista su demolición para dar espacio a la visión de Howard para Bloomington. “Fuimos a todas las reuniones de la ciudad, ya sabes, a todas las reuniones del concejo municipal, todo eso. Pero fue infructuoso porque cuando supimos que estaba sucediendo, ya era un trato cerrado, ¿sabes? ¿Cómo van a derribar a Zimmerman para poner un almacén? Es ridículo.” El Distrito Escolar Unificado Conjunto de Colton planea construir nuevos edificios para albergar la Escuela Primaria Zimmerman a unas cuadras de distancia, pero aún estará ubicado entre almacenes y al lado de una parada de camiones en un vecindario con uno de los problemas de contaminación del aire más intensos de California. Ana Carlos y Alejandra Gonzales, Vecinos Preocupados de Bloomington, diciembre de 2022, fotografía de Sadie Scott, cortesía de The Frontline Observer</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/c545528c-ef76-4b83-b002-4b3d237149e8/05.-Detail-of-decorated-boxes-Gudis.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Detalle de cajas decoradas, 2024. Foto: Catherine Gudis.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/532985a4-f07a-4672-ba5c-ed11157b278e/IMG_8772.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>En la década de 2010, más desarrolladores continuaron proponiendo proyectos de almacenes, esta vez justo al lado de las residencias. Propietarios de viviendas como Thomas y Kim Rocha se involucraron directamente en la lucha por la justicia ambiental después de recibir una carta de los planificadores del condado de San Bernardino sobre una propuesta de cambio de uso de la tierra para albergar un proyecto de almacén de 200,000 pies cuadrados a solo unos cientos de pies de su casa. “Mi esposo y yo trabajamos desde hace 40 años en una empresa sindicalizada. Y sabíamos que teníamos una voz. Así que no sólo respondimos la carta, sino que hicimos un modelo de carta. Y caminamos hacia todos nuestros vecinos… Lo más fácil era simplemente darles una carta. Si estuvieran en contra del almacén, podrían firmarlo, simplemente ponerle su nombre y enviarlo por correo”. —Kim Rocha, 2018 Los Rocha y otros vecinos y familias formaron Vecinos Preocupados de Bloomington para defenderse de las amenazas de la industria de almacenes y abogar contra los cambios de zonificación del uso de la tierra. Kim y Thomas Rocha mirando por encima de la pared detrás de su casa el almacén recientemente construido, fotografía de Anthony Victoria, cortesía de The Frontline Observer</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/bbf487d3-836a-4892-b61c-26301a329462/06.-Gudis-IMG_1823.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Andrea Vidaurre, del People’s Collective for Environmental Justice, conversó con residentes sobre la organización en curso para conservar hogares y pequeños negocios, 2024. Foto: Catherine Gudis.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/efd5905e-fe07-476c-87d3-3d4791e7d2f7/DSC_0344.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Un residente afectado por el desarrollo de Howard Industrial Partners es Felipe Ortiz. Se mudó a Bloomington para encontrar algo parecido a México al tener acceso a tierras para poseer caballos. Ortiz es uno de los muchos residentes que participan en cabalgatas locales: paseos a caballo organizados utilizados como forma de protesta contra el desarrollador. “Me están echando. No he comido por la preocupación. Mi hijo de 13 años dice que venda su caballo. Me dice: ‘primero está la familia, luego los caballos’. Esto me hace sentir muy mal”. —Felipe Ortiz Un hombre y su hijo a caballo en la cabalgata para protestar contra el Plan Específico del Parque Empresarial Bloomington, diciembre de 2022, fotografía de Sadie Scott, cortesía de The Frontline Observer</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/cf1b94f1-6df9-4933-9e75-36e1052c7fe7/07.-JosueLasso.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Miembros de una familia de Bloomington demostraron la cultura ranchera mexicana multigeneracional, 2024. Foto: Josue Muñoz.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/fd2919a7-055d-4f0d-bb00-f7e85893e5ab/Demolished_Locust_St-2.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>En mayo de 2024 había 14 almacenes con 4 millones de pies cuadrados de espacio. Atraen más de 3,000 viajes de camiones diarios, lo que contribuye a los altos niveles de contaminación en la zona. Se han aprobado cinco almacenes adicionales con 1.2 millones de pies cuadrados más de espacio. A pesar de la avalancha de desarrollo de almacenes en sus vecindarios, los residentes continúan encontrando formas de presionar al condado y a los desarrolladores para que hagan lo correcto por los residentes de Bloomington. Grupos de justicia ambiental han presentado una demanda contra el condado por la aprobación del parque empresarial, citando preocupaciones de salud y contaminación. “Es como si los vecinos ayudaran a los vecinos. 'Voy a conseguir un almacén en mi patio trasero. Levantémonos contra esto.’ Y por eso estamos ayudando. Pero a lo largo de los años, parece que todo el mundo ha tenido un almacén en su patio trasero.” —Ana Carlos Casas demolidas en Locust St., foto de Fernanda Durazo, cortesía del artista</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/343321ac-c105-49ef-a674-cd137f91e4e0/08.-opencontainer.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Contenedor de carga en el estacionamiento de la Escuela Primaria Zimmerman, 2024. Foto: Tamara Cedré.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/b48e3750-fd0c-4397-b514-5cc2d84cd891/09.-miguel.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Exhibición de archivos comunitarios de Bloomington (con Miguel Muñoz-Valtierra en el centro al frente), 2024. Foto: Tamara Cedré.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/7954673c-f3a3-4ece-b5c4-3a03053c4c94/10.-tilton-w-ana-carlos-detail-Copy-of-IMG_9085.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Vista de la instalación mostrando una foto de 2020 de la residente Ana Carlos del Centro Ecuestre de Bloomington, 2024. Foto: Jennifer Tilton.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/68f2ac60-8831-4014-9097-4d57f851831f/11.-bloomington_container.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Vista de la instalación mostrando el archivo comunitario, 2024. Foto: Tamara Cedré.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/b1dee5d4-0b91-43a0-bffb-d06535261637/12.-Miguel-000017930021.jpg_At-the-top-of-the-Rutho-hills-facing-towards-Maple-street.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Imágenes tomadas por miembros de la comunidad documentan los cambios en Bloomington, aquí mostrando un valle de almacenes desde la cima de las colinas Rutho, con vista a Maple Street, 2021. Foto: Miguel Muñoz-Valtierra.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/0aeffa03-9c53-44a6-8cdb-f1ea3256fe57/13.-Ferny-Copy-of-Bloomington_cemetary_south-%281%29.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Fotografías documentales forman parte de un archivo comunitario exhibido temporalmente. Cementerio de Bloomington con vista al sur, 2023. Foto: Fernanda Durazo.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>La casa rentada y ranchito de Felipe Ortiz, en peligro de desalojo, fotografiado en 2024. (La casa fue posteriormente demolida.) Foto: Fernanda Durazo.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/f5ee5760-e726-4457-9b0d-1b704581e482/15.-cabalgata.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Felipe Ortiz a caballo en la cabalgata, manifestándose contra el desplazamiento residencial debido al desarrollo de almacenes, 2024. Foto: Fernanda Durazo.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/a122ca9b-e1a4-4b01-babf-26f1d32eb1f1/16.-Fernie-Cabalgata2024-10.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bloomington</image:title>
      <image:caption>Felipe Ortiz y su comunidad de Bloomington recorren el vecindario durante la cabalgata, 2024. Foto: Fernanda Durazo.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/es/parque-de-citricos</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-02-07</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/daf4f990-c56b-43e6-97fb-1ae81914ba39/Mortar-shot.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Parque de Cítricos</image:title>
      <image:caption>El Parque Histórico Estatal de Citrus en California se encuentra a lo largo del arroyo Mockingbird Canyon, que sirvió a los pueblos indígenas como una fuente de sustento y una ruta migratoria. El cañón es sagrado e incluye un sitio que fue utilizado por los Luiseño y Tongva como parte de rituales religiosos que integraban la astronomía. El cañón ha sido profanado por grafitis, desarrollos de viviendas en parcelas y la nivelación y el excavado de porciones, incluido el lecho del arroyo. Los morteros en la roca o metates son depresiones circulares utilizadas para preparar alimentos con un pilón para moler bellotas, nueces, semillas y bayas secas, así como diversas plantas con fines medicinales. La proximidad de los morteros en la roca sugiere que esta era una actividad social, probablemente entre mujeres. Ubicados en toda la región (y el mundo), estos proporcionan evidencia sobre la ubicación de asentamientos. Metate del sur de California, foto de California State Parks</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/67197ebf-e2b2-457a-bb7a-d42165202851/Citrus-Monument-2.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Parque de Cítricos</image:title>
      <image:caption>¡Próximamente! El artista Gerald Clarke está diseñando actualmente una escultura de tamaño monumental para su instalación en el Parque. Su objetivo es conectar el Parque Histórico Estatal de Cítricos de California con su pasado indígena. Clarke escribe: “Visualizo la creación de una escultura que represente a el pueblo local Cahuilla y su larga tradición de canto de aves. Como Cantante de Aves, tengo un conocimiento directo de la belleza y la importancia simbólica para del pueblo Cahuilla.” El plan de Clarke es instalar un “sonajero” de aproximadamente 8 x 16 pies y señalización asociada, que llevará a las personas a una grabación de un canto de aves y una explicación de la tradición del canto de aves. Estén atentos para obtener más información a medida que el proyecto se desarrolle e instale en 2025–26. Gerald Clarke, propuesta para un Monumento a los Cítricos, 2023, cortesía del artista</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/1c512fbc-e37a-4538-83ec-a72730cae1cf/Spring-Rancheria_1886_RMM.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Parque de Cítricos</image:title>
      <image:caption>John Tortes Meyers, receptor titular del equipo New York Giants en 1902, recordó su infancia en Spring Rancheria, una aldea Cahuilla en la ladera noreste del Pá’Čapa de Riverside (llamado Mt. Rubidoux por los colonos blancos). Los residentes de la aldea constituían una fuente de mano de obra lista para desbrozar tierras, construir canales y trabajar en los huertos de la región. John y sus amigos de la infancia ganaban dinero limpiando malezas de los canales de riego del pueblo y aprendieron a injertar y budar árboles de naranja navel para los cultivadores de Riverside en la década de 1880. Para 1911, el Tracto Rivercrest del alcalde S. C. Evans había desplazado completamente a Spring Rancheria, removiendo 120 barriles de restos humanos de los cementerios cercanos. Spring Rancheria, c. 1886, Museo de Riverside</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/ec9eff46-2b35-4d2f-ae86-f27e68a9a2bd/gerald-clarke-10-1.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Parque de Cítricos</image:title>
      <image:caption>El trabajo de Gerald Clarke destaca y saca a luz pública las formas en que los pueblos nativos han sido históricamente desplazados, borrados y olvidados por la cultura dominante estadounidense. Al crear marcas de ganado personalizadas y papel abrasador con palabras y mapas seleccionados, Clarke juega con las diferencias de propiedad y poder implícitas en el acto de marcar. El mapa de los EE. UU. quemado en el papel nos recuerda que esta es tierra nativa, a pesar de la amnesia estadounidense. Obras como esta también muestran cómo los colonos reclamaron violentamente la propiedad, cartografiaron y calificaron la tierra como una mercancía para el beneficio privado. Gerald Clarke, Marca: American Amnesia, 2019, papel chamuscado, cortesía del artista</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/067229f8-be30-4871-ae26-f605b1178538/Artesia.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Parque de Cítricos</image:title>
      <image:caption>Las etiquetas de cajas de cítricos idealizaban el asentamiento blanco y servían tanto como una herramienta comercial—para impulsar las ventas de cítricos y generar el reconocimiento de la marca—como una promoción del asentamiento en el sur de California. Esta etiqueta está cargada de significado simbólico. En el centro está la Libertad (modelada según la diosa romana de la libertad), quien también se usó en el siglo XIX como Columbia, la personificación del progreso americano y la expansión hacia el oeste. Las filas de huertos cuidados y alimentados por agua de artesiana refuerzan el mensaje de progreso, enmarcando la tierra como una mercancía de la que extraer riqueza privada. Etiqueta de caja para Arlington Heights Fruit Co. (en el vecindario de Citrus Park), Colecciones Especiales y Archivos Universitarios, UC Riverside</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/133d4b4b-9f0a-422f-b9a3-647e564d66e7/MUKAT.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Parque de Cítricos</image:title>
      <image:caption>La serie “Señales de Tránsito” de Gerald Clarke utiliza el lenguaje para afirmar la cultura y el idioma nativos americanos. El creador Cahuilla, Mukat, se reinscribe aquí en el paisaje, con la señal de carretera en negro y amarillo emitiendo una advertencia para que los espectadores cedan—quizás a las lecciones transmitidas a través de las historias de creación Cahuilla. La señal también reconoce el espacio, a través de su nombre, como Cahuilla. Gerald Clarke, Mukat, 2015, texto de Cahuilla, pintura de esmalte sobre metal, cortesía del artista</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/02b9922b-3147-4240-9c0f-4ab602f6222b/Zanjero-Directing-Water-ca-1890-001.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Parque de Cítricos</image:title>
      <image:caption>Durante la extracción de rocas en las colinas para completar la construcción de carreteras en 1895, los Cahuilla que vivían en Spring Rancheria quedaron aislados de su fuente de agua, lo que efectivamente los expulsó de sus tierras. Riverside y Arlington Heights Land and Irrigating Cos. desviaron agua del río Santa Ana y de los acuíferos que habían sustentado a los nativos de California durante milenios. El apodo de la región como “imperio de los cítricos” y “Inland Empire” es preciso a la luz de este proceso de expulsión indígena y del papel del sindicato de inversionistas británicos que completó y poseyó el sistema de canales que irrigaba más de 12,000 acres de tierra que desarrollaron para cítricos (incluida la tierra donde se encuentra Citrus Park). La tierra que compraron los propietarios de los huertos venía con el agua, lo que les permitió formar lo que llamaron compañías de agua mutuales, permitiéndoles compartir entre ellos pero no con los pueblos indígenas cuyos territorios ancestrales ocuparon. Las crisis de agua actuales se remontan a estos primeros desarrollos. Por ejemplo, solo el 3% del agua mundial es dulce, y el 70% de esa agua es utilizada por la agricultura para producir alimentos. El uso actual del riego por goteo en el parque y otros huertos en California reconoce pero no resuelve este dilema. Zanjero dirigiendo el agua, c. 1897, Museo de Riverside</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/6a661975-230c-499c-9784-ba416ee69b0f/Cahuilla-Rhythms.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Parque de Cítricos</image:title>
      <image:caption>Cahuilla Rhythms presenta imágenes que son elementos del mundo Cahuilla: Sonajeros de Canto de Aves, Flores de Yucca y Tabaco, Concha de Abulón, y una recreación del Petroglifo Mazestone de Hemet. Clarke ha explicado que “El Canto de Aves Cahuilla estuvo en peligro de extinción en la década de 1980, pero tuvo una recuperación notable en la década de 1990. Hoy en día, es una verdadera fuerza en la comunidad nuevamente. Como artista Cahuilla, quise documentar el renacimiento del Canto de Aves.” Gerald Clarke, Cahuilla Rhythms, 2022, acrílico sobre lienzo, colección de Ernest y June Siva, geraldclarkeart.com</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/0d447686-d10c-4dcc-8378-05c7ae306f9f/DBCOC-Postcard----Fumigation.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Parque de Cítricos</image:title>
      <image:caption>En vísperas de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, el sur de California era el lider mundial en producción de cítricos, y el estado suministraba el 60% del mercado estadounidense. Los cítricos eran el principal producto vegetal del país. Este éxito también trajo consigo el desarrollo de un monocultivo de cítricos que agotó el suelo. Otros costos ambientales incluyeron el uso generalizado de smudging—la quema de aceite para crear nubes de smog para mantener calientes a los árboles en las noches frías—y el uso masivo de pesticidas. Ambos tuvieron un impacto negativo en la calidad del aire. La producción en masa de cianuro para la industria cítrica lo convirtió en una forma fácilmente disponible de guerra química cuando Estados Unidos entró en la Guerra de Vietnam. Los pesticidas químicas de posguerra, como el DDT, tuvieron su propio impacto en el suelo y las aguas subterráneas. A comienzos del siglo XX, los propietarios de huertos sabían que en los días en que en los días en que se colocaban las tiendas de fumigación (como se muestra en esta postal) sobre los árboles para sellar los químicos, era necesario tener en cuenta a las mascotas y a los niños para evitar que sufrieran consecuencias fatales si entraban en ellas. Irónicamente, los niños que empujan un cochecito en esta imagen parecen estar libres de tales preocupaciones. Postal titulada “Método de Fumigación de Huertos de Naranjas”, colección privada</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/54703b6a-4a1c-448a-8027-d04a8f712269/Our-Lady-of-San-Jacinto.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Parque de Cítricos</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Inspirado en imágenes de la Virgen de Guadalupe, esta pintura presenta la planta Yucca Whipplei, importante para el pueblo Cahuilla tanto para la alimentación como para la cultura material. El formato arqueado hace referencia a la historia de las Misiones en California y el 'halo' presenta los Sonajeros de Canto de Aves Cahuilla.” —Gerald Clarke El panu’ul (yucca) era un recurso vital para el pueblo Cahuilla y otras comunidades indígenas del sur de California, que lo utilizaban para alimentos, fibras, jabón y propósitos ceremoniales. Hoy en día, las familias Cahuilla, incluida la de Gerald Clarke, cosechan y asan las flores de panu’ul, que pueden alcanzar más de 3 metros de altura cuando están maduras. Gerald Clarke, Nuestra Señora de San Jacinto, 2012, acrílico sobre lienzo, Museo de Riverside, geraldclarkeart.com</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/b0e61680-0d52-4616-92e0-434ab749248a/Sherman-Institute-ca-1910-PC_RMM.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Parque de Cítricos</image:title>
      <image:caption>El Instituto Sherman, fundado en 1902, era una escuela residencial fuera de la reserva cuyo objetivo era “civilizar” y “americanizar” a los jóvenes nativos intentando despojarlos de sus culturas y lenguas indígenas. Los estudiantes de Sherman eran entrenados en un estilo militar, para realizar su asimilación y patriotismo. La escuela y sus terrenos fueron construidos en el estilo Revival Misionero, especificado por empresarios locales como Frank Miller, quien promovió a Sherman como un destino turístico. Se encontraba cerca del Mission Inn de Miller y al final de la línea ferroviaria en la que tenía acciones. Más de un siglo después de la colonización española, los jóvenes de Sherman vivían en edificios que parecían una misión, de donde no tenían libertad para irse. Varios estudiantes escaparon, huyendo hacia los huertos, lejos de la escuela y de las autoridades, para seguir diferentes caminos. Instituto Sherman, Riverside, California, c. 1910, postal, colección privada</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/95864250-6e6d-459e-b83d-ec159456d52b/gerald-clarke-08.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Parque de Cítricos</image:title>
      <image:caption>Cahuilla Sounds, Cahuilla Lives parece ser un sonajero tradicional—aunque, con 3 pies de altura, sobredimensionado—utilizado por los Cantantes de Aves. Sin embargo, el uso por parte de Clarke de un mango hecho de un bate de softball y gráficos al estilo de Keith Haring, junto con un altavoz que reproduce sonidos del calabazo, cambia su contexto, colocándolo en el ámbito de la cultura americana. Si los cantos de aves cuentan historias de migración, ¿reconfigura entonces el “gran pasatiempo estadounidense” tanto a quién o qué es nativo como a quién o qué es americano? Gerald Clarke, Cahuilla Sounds, Cahuilla Lives, 1997, bate de softbol y calabaza pintada con sonido, foto: Ian Byers-Gamber, cortesía del artista.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/9704f754-def7-4bcd-be46-a7867f0bce61/Copy-of-Farming0014.tif-from-images--sherman-folder.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Parque de Cítricos</image:title>
      <image:caption>Durante la primera mitad del siglo XX, los educadores del Instituto Sherman ofrecían a los estudiantes nativos cursos de inglés, educación básica y formación vocacional. También, se esperaba que los estudiantes realizaran toda la labor en el lugar: trabajo agrícola, lavandería, cocina, albañilería, carpintería y jardinería. Los administradores también obligaron a muchos estudiantes a participar en el “programa de excursiones” de la escuela (1902-1940), que proporcionaba mano de obra barata a empresas locales, hogares y huertos. Esto incluía largas jornadas de trabajo duro en Fontana Farms y Riverside Orange Co., donde se les pagaba menos que a otros trabajadores migrantes e inmigrantes, a menudo sin camas adecuadas o vivienda. A pesar de las duras condiciones, el trabajo proporcionó a algunos estudiantes autonomía—y dinero que podían llevar de regreso a sus propias comunidades. Jóvenes del Instituto Sherman, arando un campo, c. 1910, cortesía del Museo Indio Sherman</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/db7e71b5-08fc-4841-a2c5-897cc7a53905/21-Bird-Singers-LoRes-from-May-17-Festival.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Parque de Cítricos</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Cada canto de pájaro cuenta una pequeña parte de la historia de nuestros pueblos y nuestros viajes… de regreso a esta tierra en la que estamos hoy.” —William Madrigal, Sr., Cantante Principal de Pájaros de los Mountain Cahuilla Desde casi cualquier lugar en Citrus Park, se pueden ver montañas que se utilizan para narrar historias de creación de los nativos americanos. Los sitios sagrados en los cañones cercanos marcan el solsticio. Así que, aunque el Parque conmemora la industria cítrica, también nos conecta con épocas y tradiciones mucho más allá de la plantación de estos huertos en particular. El canto y la danza de pájaros han sido una parte importante de las tribus Cahuilla en el sur de California y Arizona durante siglos. “Tío Alvino [Siva] siempre hablaba de cuando aprendió a cantar por primera vez. Sus padres habían trabajado en los campos de cítricos en Riverside. Trabajaban todo el día, pero cuando terminaban su jornada, él sacaba el sonajero que recibió de su padre. Ahí es donde aprendió las canciones, y esa tradición continuó—la narración de historias, las canciones, la danza, y aunque había una gran presión sobre los pueblos indígenas, todos esos cambios a su alrededor, todavía mantenían sus canciones, y en realidad, los huertos de cítricos—permitieron esa solidaridad.” —Sean Milanovich (Cahuilla) William Madrigal, Sr., y su familia en Citrus Park, 2017, foto de Kate Alexandrite, cortesía del Proyecto Relevancy &amp; History</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/es/fontana</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-02-07</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/0343a98a-189c-4f0b-88df-1324ba5be184/WomenFeedingBabypig_Fontana_1935_LAPL_00069321_photos_107441_large.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>“¡De cerdos a hierro de cerdo!” —Eslogan de la acería Kaiser, 1943 Fontana en el siglo XX fue de las primeras agronegocios promovida a través de imágenes románticas. En las décadas de 1910 y 1920, en el pueblo se plantaron 95,000 árboles de cítricos y terrenos dedicados a pollos, conejos y la granja de cerdos más grande del mundo. Su apariencia pastoral podía ser engañosa. “Los veteranos recuerdan los olores competidores del excremento y la basura,” según Ernie Garcia. Los Ángeles enviaba su basura aquí para alimentar a los cerdos, cuyo estiércol luego fertilizaba los huertos. La contratación estacional en Fontana durante la cosecha incluía trabajadores inmigrantes de muchas naciones. El Sherman Institute, la escuela de internado para nativos americanos fuera de la reserva en Riverside, también enviaba a cientos de jóvenes indígenas a trabajar en las granjas de Fontana. Foto: Granja de cerdos, Fontana, ca. 1935, cortesía de la Biblioteca Pública de Los Ángeles, Colección de Fotos de la Cámara de Comercio Earl Powell</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/df03c89a-8b77-4cec-9da7-fc3c740c5615/FONTANA-1.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Precipitadores electrostáticos en Kaiser Steel, Archivo de American Heritage Publishing, 1959  Reproducción de negativo, fotografía en gelatina de plata Colección privada</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/f9f1526d-afc3-403f-a98a-514a0c7ed512/LowResKaiserBlastFurnaceOrangeGrovesHagley.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>“¡Fontana Steel construirá un mundo nuevo!” Fontana Herald-News, 7 de enero de 1940 Los lotes de 2.5 acres en Fontana eran lo suficientemente grandes para un jardín y un gallinero. Prometían a los colonos autosuficiencia y un alivio de las chimeneas de la vida industrial urbana en el Este. Hasta al menos 1942. Kaiser trató de diferenciar su fábrica de otras ciudades siderúrgicas. Promovió la estética y el paisajismo, sugiriendo que el molino estaba en armonía con los huertos de cítricos. Minnie Luksich, cultivadora de cítricos, fue una de las que no se dejó convencer. Ella había estado en contra de ubicar la planta en Fontana, temiendo las emisiones. Más tarde dijo: 'No teníamos dinero para hacer nada al respecto.' Eventualmente consiguió un trabajo allí. Foto: Horno de alto horno, Kaiser Steel, 1944, Instituto Americano de Hierro y Acero, cortesía de la Biblioteca y Museo Hagley</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/79359199-e4df-4807-aec2-af7527395aaa/FONTANA-2.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Huelga de trabajadores del acero en la planta de Kaiser Steel, Associated Press, 1959 Reproducción, impresión de pigmento de archivo Colección privada</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/ec41321e-0e66-476a-9ed7-f1b43dbaad2b/LowResKaiserSteelFontanaAerialHagley.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>En 1950, un agente inmobiliario de Los Ángeles puso a la venta más de 5,000 acres de huertos y viñedos que rodeaban la planta de Kaiser para el “desarrollo privado de la industria de defensa”. La expansión militar de la Guerra Fría en las bases aéreas cercanas continuó el mercado del acero. Sin embargo, el humo en la foto de prensa llama la atención sobre los problemas medioambientales que afrontó Kaiser desde el principio. La altura de las chimeneas tenía como objetivo elevar y alejar los humos. No funcionó. Algunos locales veían las altas chimeneas como una fuente de contaminación para el valle, destruyendo sus cultivos y forma de vida. Otros lo expresaron de manera más directa, como dijo un ex trabajador del acero más tarde: ‘Demonios, ese humo era nuestra prosperidad.’ Foto: Vista aérea de Fontana con Kaiser Steel en el centro, 1951, © Cámara de Comercio de EE. UU., cortesía del Museo y Biblioteca Hagley</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Fotocopia de Stacked Steel Slabs (Skullcracker Series) de Richard Serra, 1969, construida en Kaiser Steel, Fontana, en Maurice Tuchman, A Report on the Art &amp; Technology Program of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1967-71, 1971 Reproducción sobre dibond Colección privada</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/1efa92e4-2ed3-4562-9f45-48b0ea7573c5/ag1982_0233_1950_10_eaglemt_013_01079.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>A partir de 1948, el molino Kaiser se alimentó del mineral de hierro extraído de Eagle Mountain, adyacente al actual Parque Nacional Joshua Tree en el Desierto de Mojave. Kaiser creó una ciudad completamente nueva para trabajar allí, tomando agua del parque para mantener verdes los jardines de los residentes y abierta la piscina comunitaria. Sus equipos construyeron 52 millas de rieles para sus vagones privados, que transportaban mineral desde la mina hasta la línea de Southern Pacific en Ferrum (cerca del Mar de Salton) hasta Fontana. También sirvió como destino turístico. Las casas de estilo rancho y los bungalows en Eagle Mountain aún permanecen, como un pueblo fantasma. Los defensores del parque resistieron los planes para que el terreno se utilizará como un vertedero de desechos. Los propietarios actuales no han revelado su intención para la propiedad. Aquí está la parte de la excursión en el ferrocarril de Eagle Mountain de Kaiser, desde Ferrum hasta la mina, 1950. © Richard Steinheimer, cortesía de la Biblioteca DeGolyer, Universidad Metodista del Sur</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/96a9bf81-a8f7-4c36-9483-0cf884520ebc/FONTANA-4.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Montaje de estructura de acero en Kaiser Steel, Frashers Fotos, 1952 Reproducción, impresión de pigmento de archivo Colección privada</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/15b90b34-d23e-4803-a044-3b899934de0e/1990.0024.0180.0005.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tanto la minería de hierro como la fabricación de acero son procesos intensivos en agua y energía, utilizando combustibles fósiles para alcanzar temperaturas suficientemente altas para fundir el hierro y el carbón en acero. Kaiser Steel nunca contribuyó a la base impositiva de la ciudad. Permaneció como una entidad no incorporada con sus propios sistemas de agua y energía. Sus emisiones tóxicas y aguas residuales no se mantuvieron tan contenidas. Más bien, la fábrica liberabero enormes cantidades de arsénico, cromo, plomo y otros contaminantes peligrosos del aire en las comunidades cercanas. ‘Piensa en la seguridad’ reza el cartel en la pared junto al enorme horno, al otro lado del puente del Lilliputian a la derecha, ca. 1958. Colección Will Connell, cortesía del Museo de Fotografía de California, Universidad de California, Riverside</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tamara Cedré Kaiser Steel Mill con vista al noroeste, 2024 Impresión de pigmento de archivo Cortesía de la artista</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/1717546284799-957VSX1GNQQ3IIGJ7Z8V/LoRes_Vigilante_Terror_in_Fontana.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Fontana se convirtió en el hogar de una mezcla incómoda de personas a medida que miles llegaban y luchaban por encontrar vivienda. Vivían en dormitorios temporales, remolques dentro y fuera de los terrenos de Kaiser, y en sus automóviles. Las restricciones raciales confinaban a las familias negras al norte de Foothill Blvd. Los latinos se concentraban al sur de la I-10. Los blancos de clase trabajadora se encontraban en el centro de la ciudad. Desde 1943 hasta 1964, braceros de México ocuparon los trabajos agrícolas que habían dejado las personas que fueron enviadas a la guerra y a mejores posiciones sindicales. La línea marcada de color y la historia de la actividad del Klan en la zona llevaron a la violencia en diciembre de 1945, cuando O’Day Short se mudó con su familia a Fontana para comenzar un nuevo trabajo en Kaiser Steel, estableciéndose en un vecindario blanco. Fueron visitados por vigilantes, probablemente miembros del Klan, y la Cámara de Comercio de Fontana ofreció comprarlos. Unas noches después, un incendio consumió la casa, matando a la familia de cuatro. Aunque los testigos afirmaron que fue un incendio intencional y un investigador de la NAACP también lo consideró así, el gran jurado se negó a permitir que los testigos subieran al estrado y el fiscal del distrito calificó el incendio como un accidente. Terror de Vigilantes en Fontana, 1946, cortesía de la Biblioteca Bancroft</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/07b1f681-2cb7-4b1e-9c4d-a938a29bbad7/FONTANA-6.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tamara Cedré Catálogo general de Kaiser Steel, 2024 Impresión de pigmento de archivo Cortesía de la artista</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/21226b57-2ee6-41da-82b3-2c576b0a2f90/2023.011.015.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>“En aquellos tiempos, generalmente le daban a nuestra clase de gente trabajos sucios y desagradables. Y tenías que soportarlo. Pero lo único que tiene es que prevalecieron los sindicatos, la seguridad y la antigüedad sindical.” —Dennis Green En las décadas de 1940 y 1950, a medida que crecían los empleos industriales, los trabajadores negros encontraron nuevas oportunidades, pero permanecieron confinados a los trabajos más peligrosos, calurosos y tóxicos. Muchos hombres de San Bernardino trabajaron para Kaiser Steel, al igual que tres generaciones de la familia Greene, comenzando con Ernest Green. Él trajo su experiencia de la industria del acero en Pittsburgh a su nueva vida en California. Hasta que se implementaron los mandatos legales en la década de 1960, la colocación laboral para los negros seguía restringida a los peores trabajos. Herbert Greene cuando se jubiló de Kaiser Steel en 1978 después de 45 años en la industria, cortesía de Dennis Green</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/288bcc79-5fb3-42f0-95f3-6a13ca625c63/FONTANA-7.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Pat Le Roy (secretaria, 19 años), sentada sobre el césped frente al edificio de administración de Kaiser Steel Mill, Fontana, 1952 Reproducción, impresión de pigmento de archivo Biblioteca Digital de USC, Colección de Fotografías del Los Angeles Examiner</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/a091f2a4-c9ce-4f88-b1d9-d5795c7d6fd0/kaiserstrike.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Kaiser Steel necesita una revisión en sus políticas de contratación… El desempleo es alto y pocos negros están siendo contratados… Los pocos que son contratados son puestos como obreros a pesar de las habilidades que puedan tener, y se les asigna a los trabajos menos deseables y más sucios – en la fundición, el alto horno o el horno de coque.” —California Eagle, 1959 Kaiser se veía a sí mismo como un industrial benevolente, reconociendo que la atención médica y los bonos eran una forma de mantener la lealtad de los trabajadores. Pero los despidos frecuentes también significaban que estos empleos no siempre conducían a la estabilidad económica. La huelga de 105 días de los trabajadores del acero en 1959 tuvo estos problemas en su núcleo. Algunos, como Raymond Robinson, Director de Asuntos Públicos de Kaiser, al ser entrevistado en 1976, sintieron que esto fue el comienzo del fin. “Como resultado de esa huelga, los japoneses obtuvieron una posición fuerte en nuestro mercado de acero. Antes de ese momento, solo alrededor del dos por ciento del acero consumido en los siete estados del oeste... provenía del extranjero. Durante ese largo período en el que nuestros clientes no pudieron comprar acero, empezaron a comprarlo a los japoneses. Ahí fue donde comenzó.” Los trabajadores del acero de Fontana regresan al trabajo, fotografía de UPI, 27 de octubre de 1959, colección privada</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Mina Eagle Mountain—área residencial, mina y planta de beneficio al fondo, c. 1948 Fotografía en gelatina de plata Sociedad Histórica de Fontana</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/cd2f1f52-eab9-46ea-9172-aef43c0f99d9/Warehousese-and-Freeways-Fontana-Capture.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Kaiser Steel se declaró en bancarrota en 1983, vendió su maquinaria a una empresa china y comenzó a vender lentamente sus propiedades. Los mapas aéreos de Fontana hoy en día muestran cómo los usos industriales y de almacenes han reemplazado a la manufactura de acero, con una pérdida correspondiente de empleos sindicales con beneficios. Las autopistas y ferrocarriles que facilitaron la distribución para la industria del acero ahora aceleran el movimiento de todo tipo de mercancías hacia y desde los almacenes. Los centros de distribución se agrupan a lo largo de las intersecciones de las autopistas 10, 15 y 60. Al sur de la autopista 10, la densidad de almacenes, patios de camiones y áreas de descanso para camiones es especialmente alta. La Coalición de Ciudadanos Preocupados del Sur de Fontana es uno de los grupos comunitarios que se han opuesto a la construcción de almacenes junto a escuelas, al paso de camiones ruidosos por sus vecindarios y a la mala calidad del aire y de las carreteras. Después de que el Fiscal General de California presentara una demanda contra la ciudad, se estableció un fondo de beneficios comunitarios para "mitigar el impacto ambiental". Sin embargo, esto no detiene la nueva construcción. Vista aérea de los almacenes agrupados en la intersección de las autopistas I-10 e I-15, incluyendo la pista de carrera de NASCAR que ocupó una parte de la antigua propiedad de Kaiser Steel, cortesía de ESRI Aerial Basemap.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Mojave Desert Ore Dravo, 1965 Anuncio publicitario Colección privada</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/b74603f1-18ed-4be6-b034-4677f90b29f3/truckyard_VTF.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Los camiones y almacenes han alterado el estado del trabajo y el paisaje de Fontana. Maninder Singh es un conductor de camiones de Punjab que vive en el vecindario. Él es uno de los miembros de su familia que comenzaron a llegar a Fontana a fines de la década de 1980, uniéndose a las decenas de miles que, junto con conductores mexicanos y centroamericanos, constituyen aproximadamente la mitad de todos los camioneros en California. Singh explica, “Al principio, cuando los almacenes de Amazon llegaron por primera vez [a Fontana], no había restricciones sobre a dónde podían ir los camiones. Ni siquiera podías salir de tu entrada. Y justo cuando salías de la comunidad, había una maldita fila de camiones para ir a cualquier parte.” Singh lo atribuye a una falta de responsabilidad municipal, afirmando que la ciudad aprueba los cambios de zonificación, toma propiedades y luego las vende a desarrolladores de almacenes. “Estas grandes empresas,” dice, “están comprando todo el terreno en Fontana.” Uno de los numerosos patios de camiones en Fontana, 2024, foto de Tamara Cedré, cortesía de la artista</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tamara Cedré Pueblo de la empresa Eagle Mountain, 2024 Impresión de pigmento de archivo Cortesía de la artista</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/987a76cc-2d11-4322-b689-377ee5098ba2/FONTANA-11.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tamara Cedré Almacenes en Almond Avenue, Fontana, 2024 Impresión de pigmento de archivo Cortesía de la artista</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/c3493366-8647-4675-968d-f1ed66ad58b0/FONTANA-12.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Motel Travelodge de Fontana, 1959 Folleto publicitario Colección privada</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/ca2a2cf9-077b-434d-8467-aec7d55ac6b4/FONTANA-13.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fontana</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tamara Cedré Registro de viaje de Fontana, 2024 Impresión de pigmento de archivo Cortesía de la artista</image:caption>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/es/colton</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-02-07</lastmod>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/e9feb2c8-29f2-40b2-9237-2dc720f70b26/Colton_Flag_1917-Mt-Slover-.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Tahualtapa es el Cerro de los Cuervos en la historia de la creación de Cahuilla… que se remonta a 10,000 años atrás”. —Henry Vasquez Los colonos y las industrias extractivas que construyeron desplazaron a los nativos, destruyeron su montaña sagrada y negaron su presencia de larga data en Colton. Mataron la flora y la fauna nativas, incluidos los osos pardos que una vez vivieron en la montaña, y extrajeron la montaña en busca de piedra caliza y mármol. En 1917, cuando Estados Unidos entró en la Primera Guerra Mundial, se izó una bandera estadounidense de 30 pies en el monte Slover, convirtiéndose en uno de los tres únicos lugares donde se permitía izar la bandera de noche. Plantar la bandera fue un gesto patriótico pero también colonial, reclamando visualmente el espacio como de Estados Unidos y negando los derechos indígenas sobre la tierra. “Unfurling of Colton’s Liberty Flag is a Wondrous Spectacle,” San Bernardino Daily Sun, 1917</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/f042b02c-01ef-427b-8771-484f3d24088a/Colton_1.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Howard Kelly Colton Plant, Riverside Portland Cement Co., Mt. Slover [Planta de Colton, Compañía de Cemento Portland de Riverside, Mt. Slover], 1954 Reproducción, impreso en pigmento de archivo Colección aérea de mediados del siglo XX de Kelly-Holiday, Biblioteca Pública de Los Ángeles</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/5103007f-0db2-42f0-8eb1-4be81a4d6210/ACFrOgBDAPOe3XGXInfmNUVUDzHQCafnofLdW4IZqyjDDhhptHqFihKh6sQEZIcYR0ScrF2q9lN2cPo1WB_OjuUJpxoci5xUcejPfvkCtpcK4m5PAcsL16ubrKl3y7BUmJviYhp446BR4r2sTd_Jd-r9F757vQyUX0RT-1stK</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Ya en la década de 1850 se extraían mármol y piedra caliza del monte Slover. Las operaciones mineras crecieron cuando la California Portland Cement Company se convirtió en la primera planta de este tipo al oeste del Mississippi en 1891. La montaña proporcionó materia prima que literalmente construyó la región, su concreto es la cara del estilo arquitectónico del renacimiento de la misión que dominó el sur de California y la base de las calles y carreteras de toda la región. La operación minera de Mt. Slover continuó hasta 2009, suministrando materiales para el auge de la construcción posterior a la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Postal de 1890 que muestra la "Nueva" planta de cemento en Colton, colección privada</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/aa0100d8-7bcc-446e-a72a-91cdaf4c1d33/Colton_2.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>G. Haven Bishop Power Consumers, Portland Cement Works, Southern California Edison [Consumidores de energía, Planta de Colton, Compañía de Cemento] , 1910 Reproducción, impreso en pigmento de archivo La biblioteca de Huntington, San Marino, California</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/b726b275-b27c-450c-b53c-55e49c2640e0/ChuckVasquez_003.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>CalPort Cement, al igual que otras industrias de Colton, dependía de la sólida infraestructura ferroviaria de la ciudad. Los ferrocarriles Santa Fe y Southern Pacific se cruzan en Colton Crossing. Era el centro de distribución de la región, transportando cemento, cítricos y otros productos por todo el estado y la nación. Si bien las líneas ferroviarias conectaban industrias, dividían a la comunidad. El área al sur de las vías se convirtió durante décadas en el “lado mexicano de la ciudad”. “Tener las vías allí y luego la autopista solidificó la división durante mucho tiempo… Creó una segregación de facto entre el norte y el sur de Colton. La policía de Colton realmente lo hizo cumplir. …Todavía decían: ‘Estás en el lado equivocado de las vías regresa a tu lado de la ciudad’”. —Frank Acosta La terminal ferroviaria de Colton c. 1940, cortesía de Chuck Vásquez</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/fb3d5fcf-4594-4534-9527-4c5753009159/Colton_3.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>G. Haven Bishop Colton Cement Aerial, Southern California Edison, 1955 Reproducción, impreso en pigmento de archivo La biblioteca de Huntington, San Marino, California</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/8f465ecb-9f29-4726-95bc-6fee60ef5702/42979_002.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>“La montaña no estaba tan lejos. Pero se oía sonar una sirena. Después de eso se escuchó una explosión. Visualmente se podía ver desde lejos esta bocanada elevarse en el aire. Y luego se escuchó, segundos después dependiendo de qué tan lejos estuvieras, un kaboom. Y eso flotaría sobre Colton. Sólo polvo muy fino”. —Oscar Colunga Para minar Mt. Slover, CalPort Cement utilizó maquinaria pesada y explosivos. En 1928, la tierra tembló con tanta fuerza que los residentes de Colton pensaron que se trataba de un terremoto. Fue una explosión rutinaria que desplazó 750,000 toneladas de roca. Todos los residentes de Colton se vieron afectados por la operación minera. Las partículas finas y otros tipos de contaminación del aire provenientes de la industria local, la agricultura y el smog son probablemente la causa de algunos de los problemas de salud crónicos de la comunidad, como los de Victoria, la madre de Oscar. “Mi madre tenía asma y a veces era muy, muy mala. Y era constante, lo que también resultaba paralizante en cierto modo. Creo que mucho de ese polvo de cemento no era bueno para los residentes de la zona”. Penacho de polvo en California Portland Cement, cortesía de Colecciones Especiales y Archivos Universitarios, UC Riverside</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/39b58fcd-e088-4ead-bb64-dd5bb3e36ce8/Colton_4.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Unfurling of Colton’s Liberty Flag is a Wondrous Spectacle” [“El despliegue de la Bandera de la Libertad de Colton es un espectáculo maravilloso”], San Bernardino Daily Sun, 1917 Reproducción en dibond Cortesía de San Bernardino Daily Sun</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/727e2b7a-2acc-4ea4-b573-43c308166a0e/The_San_Bernardino_County_Sun_Sun__Mar_11__1951_%282%29.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Durante los primeros 14 años de producción, CalPort Cement Co. enfrentó demandas por parte de los propietarios de tierras circundantes debido al impacto del polvo en los cultivos y las personas. La “explosión de dinamita interfiere con el disfrute pacífico de la tierra”, se quejó un vecino. Como acuerdo, CalPort Cement los compró, comprando 120 acres de naranjos. La empresa también instaló nuevos “retenedores de polvo” que aún no resolvieron el problema del polvo. La planta continuó explotando las arboledas durante décadas, no necesariamente con fines de lucro, sino para mantener una visión romántica de que la industria pesada podía coexistir con un paisaje edénico. La imagen de portada que anuncia la Exposición Nacional de la Naranja yuxtapone la industria del monte Slover y la nube de polvo de cemento con las ordenadas hileras de naranjos. Los impulsores regionales a menudo promovían la aparente armonía de la región entre “naturaleza” e industria. Portada, Sun Telegram, 11 de marzo de 1951, cortesía de Ben Sakaguchi</image:caption>
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      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tamara Cedré Liberty Unfurled [Libertad desplegada], 2024 Impreso en pigmento de archivo Cortesía de la artista</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/8c1dc87f-69ea-49fe-bffd-fa52ad879891/42979_001.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Las condiciones laborales en CalPort Cement eran a menudo inseguras. Los trabajadores cavaban túneles en la montaña para transportar carros llenos de piedra caliza y otros minerales valiosos. Los trabajadores experimentaron mala ventilación, inhalación de polvo y, en el caso más catastrófico de los incidentes, derrumbes. “Él era minero en lo profundo de la planta de cemento. No tenían los cascos de aluminio en ese momento. Estaban trabajando allí y oyeron un estruendo y lo supieron... lo supieron. Y empezó a correr para escapar de esta avalancha, y una piedra lo golpeó y lo noqueó. De repente sintió que algo le golpeaba la cara y se llevó la mano a la cara y era sangre. Miró hacia allá y ahí estaba su amigo, una piedra lo había decapitado y su corazón aún latía, y era por la sangre en su cara, y eso fue lo que lo despertó”. —Adam Ornelas, compartiendo una historia que le contó un trabajador de CalPort. Minero de CalPort emergiendo de los túneles, cortesía de Colecciones Especiales y Archivos Universitarios, UC Riverside</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/fe9cc98a-f131-44ec-90e1-cb40a885360d/Colton_6.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tamara Cedré Postcards from Colton Cement Works [Postales desde Colton Cement Works], 2024 Impreso en pigmento de archivo Cortesía de la artista</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/281e86ae-bf39-4a3e-86f1-75fec5935fd5/Asociacion-de-Trabajadores-Unidos.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Los trabajadores de la planta lucharon por mejores condiciones laborales y salarios más altos en la planta de cemento, como lo hicieron en los ferrocarriles y otras industrias de la región. En 1917, los trabajadores mexicanos de Trabajados Unidos se declararon en huelga. Tom Rivera explicó, “Formaron una huelga contra la planta de cemento porque no les pagaban tanto salario como a los blancos. Así que se declararon en huelga durante un par de meses y la ganaron”. No todas las huelgas se ganaron y ser parte del sindicato podía poner en peligro el sustento de una persona. “En ese momento mi padre empezaba a involucrarse en el sindicalismo, y por supuesto, la planta de cemento no apreciaba que…había tanto miedo en la vida de aquellos hombres que trabajaban allí. Era su medio de vida y no querían perderlo, así que no lo respaldaron”. —Teresa Elena Constant Asociación de Trabajadores Unidos, Colton, 1917, cortesía de Mark Ocegueda</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/96006701-9fd6-4c84-a0b5-a7227cd036c4/Colton_7.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tamara Cedré The Leveled Top of Mt. Slover [La cima aplanada de Mt. Slover], 2024 Impreso de pigmentos de archivo Cortesía de la artista</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/833b7a37-ee40-4a87-beff-82da5d414587/43058.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>En la era de la posguerra hubo crecientes preocupaciones sobre la salud y la seguridad en la planta, así como la presión de la EPA para controlar las emisiones. Estas preocupaciones persistieron hasta el cierre de la planta en 2009. “Creo que [mi padre] trabajaba en la zona donde hicieron todas las voladuras porque así tuvo su accidente. Y sufrió por eso por el resto de su vida. Nunca sanó”. —Henry Vásquez Minero parado en una zona de explosión de Cal Port, cortesía de Colecciones Especiales y Archivos Universitarios, UC Riverside</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/ebbdd490-3d83-43bd-ad29-9d074f6b7b3b/Colton_8.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tamara Cedré Limestone Gravel [Grava de piedra caliza], 2024 Impreso en pigmento de archivo Cortesía de la artista</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/4f63a36d-820f-4fb2-894f-15bb70de4446/2023.016.029.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>A pesar de los patrones de segregación y explotación laboral, South Colton era un vecindario próspero con más de una docena de mercados locales, organizaciones cívicas activas y celebraciones culturales. El paisaje de cemento era el terreno de juego para picnics familiares y eventos deportivos. Incluso se pintaron tuberías de hormigón de diferentes colores y se instalaron en los parques locales. Miembros de la familia posan para una instantánea en una de las tuberías de concreto de Hydro Conduit, cortesía de la familia Colunga</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/af6145e1-c98f-4b44-a6aa-69c3a6421ab8/Colton_9.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Colton Chamber of Commerce [Cámara de comercio de Colton] Colton The Hub City [Colton, la ciudad Hub], 1914 Reproducción en dibond Colección privada</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/627b6f50-0f14-4bb5-8480-2e5ff5ee103c/2023.016.037.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Mientras los residentes expresaban su preocupación por la salud y la seguridad, la planta de cemento trabajaba para calmar a la opinión pública a través de la filantropía. La empresa donó un terreno para el Veterans Park de South Colton en 1939, patrocinó equipos de bolos y béisbol y organizó desfiles de carrozas. CalPort también patrocinó las celebraciones de Dieciséis de Septiembre (16 de septiembre) en las que los residentes de South Colton celebraron con orgullo el Día de la Independencia de México. Un elemento destacado del evento fue la elección de una joven local como Reina. Veterans Park fue un espacio crucial para la construcción de comunidades y la resiliencia en una ciudad segregada. El Dieciséis de Septiembre de 1945: La Reina y su corte, cortesía de la familia Colunga.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/d1cae41a-0623-466a-bd18-72bed234fd47/Colton_10.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Sunset Route to Colton Station [Ruta del atardecer hacia la Estación de Colton], 1949 Fotografía en gelatina de plata Colección privada</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/d3ac9a31-257c-4a8d-84f9-a7ccc5a7fd96/Colton_7.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>El monte Slover ahora está arrasado después de más de un siglo de operaciones mineras. La planta dejó de operar en 2009. BNSF Railway es propietaria del terreno, que utiliza como área de almacenamiento para contenedores de envío apilados en alto, como si imita la apariencia de terrazas de la montaña a mitad de camino. Tamara Cedré, La cima nivelada del monte Slover, 2024, cortesía de Tamara Cedré</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/985d0d0d-7272-4129-8a1b-f70161584443/SouthColton_TamaraCedre.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>En 2020, BNSF propuso construir una nueva instalación ferroviaria intermodal en la propiedad para redirigir más carga a través del Inland Empire y liberar otras vías para el Proyecto de Tren de Alta Velocidad de California. El plan generó preocupación entre los residentes del área históricamente agobiada de South Colton y no avanza. Lo que sucederá después no está claro. Tamara Cedré, antena de corredores ferroviarios de Colton, 2024, cortesía de la artista</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/49fe9be1-e317-4d13-b6be-b4662a72c66c/Colton_11.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tamara Cedré Colton Crossing, 2024 Impreso en pigmento de archivo Cortesía de la artista</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/236e5dcc-e740-4096-8f47-fbefbec5aa56/Colton_12.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tamara Cedré Agua Mansa Pioneer Cemetery in Industrial Corridor [El primer cementerio de Agua Mansa en el Corredor Industrial], 2024 Impreso en pigmento de archivo Cortesía de la artista</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/b5825481-6df6-462e-aef6-820dc7ca2d6d/Colton_13.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Colunga Family Snapshots from South Colton Instantáneas de la familia Colunga de South Colton], 1945-54 Reproducción, impreso en pigmento de archivo Cortesía de la familia Colunga y familia extendida</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/51406f51-5bd0-44ff-80ad-6900acbfc436/Colton_14.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>South Colton</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tamara Cedré Colton Corridors, 2024 Impreso en pigmento de archivo Cortesía de la artista</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://livefromthefrontline.org/es/valley-truck-farms</loc>
    <changefreq>daily</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2025-02-07</lastmod>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/513e1b43-778f-44d6-a708-d174838a4fdf/1_SM.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Annette Overstreet y Myrna Overstreet Spear, 2024</image:caption>
    </image:image>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/45b43c9b-9c84-4b57-b4c1-ec4b48a12a8d/2023.014.012.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>George y Eula Saville fueron una de las primeras familias negras en mudarse a Valley Truck Farms en 1927. Se trasladaron al Valle porque a su padre “le encantaba la agricultura”. Criaron a sus 7 hijos en su parcela de 5 acres y permanecieron en la comunidad hasta que fallecieron en 1988. Al recordar los cambios en el Valle desde su infancia, Barbara Saville Bland preguntó, Barbara Saville Bland asked. “Uno se pregunta cómo pudieron destruir una comunidad así. ¿No tendría que dar consentimiento la comunidad? ¿O podría la ciudad simplemente tomar el control? Ya sabes, porque es terrible. La gente tuvo que mudarse.” George Saville en la nueva casa familiar de la vecina Vera White, 1934, cortesía de Vera White Saville</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Álbum Overstreet, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/a3512799-ce79-455b-9d14-98cb360ed92d/1_-24367001-_Deacon-Jackson.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Deacon Donald Jackson y Althea Jackson, 2024</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/0070c054-4719-479a-bfa3-7ba3e101ac23/01.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Instalación de retratos de la iglesia por Jonathan Arthurs con la señal de Monumento Histórico, St. Mark’s Missionary Baptist Church, 28 de julio de 2024. Foto: Tamara Cedré.</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/54073310-6585-4011-85f4-8cc6a334257f/2023.001.005.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>La Iglesia Bautista Misionera de St. Mark fue fundada en 1929, siendo una de las iglesias históricas que ha servido como el centro de la vida comunitaria durante generaciones. St. Mark’s ha tenido solo 4 pastores en sus 95 años de existencia. El Pastor Percy Harper encarna esta continuidad. Creció en la iglesia, a solo unas cuadras de su hogar, y ha dirigido a la congregación desde 1986. El edificio de la iglesia ha servido para muchas funciones además del culto para la congregación. Temporalmente albergó a familias desplazadas por la gran inundación de 1938 y sirvió como salón de clases y auditorio adicional para la escuela Mill durante las décadas de 1940, 1950 y 1960. Incluso el condado llevó a cabo clínicas de bienestar infantil en la iglesia. El World Wide Guild, un grupo misionero de mujeres, frente al primer edificio de la Iglesia Bautista de St. Mark en la década de 1940, cortesía del Pastor Percy Harper</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Estacionamientos de camiones cerca de Norman, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Celebración del 96.º aniversario de St. Mark’s, 17 de noviembre de 2024. Foto: Catherine Gudis.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/5a7a63f0-03bf-4e34-a03f-57f081aea969/4_SM.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Avenida Norman, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/35153964-9b7a-4894-a027-f317b51a5960/2_000193970008_Juliette_Lynch.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Juliette Lynch, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/fa5c1e98-a1c4-4c2f-8bd8-025366e44364/03.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>El fotógrafo Jonathan Arthurs trabajando en la instalación fotográfica, 26 de julio de 2024. Foto: Tamara Cedré.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/76ba9f41-1298-4ae0-8a9b-8d4b50d44b12/2023.001.020.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Teníamos vacas, gallinas, conejos. Teníamos un jardín enorme… Todo. La mayoría de las cosas que comíamos las criamos, y así crecimos saludables… Nunca fui al médico porque comíamos alimentos frescos sin pesticidas. Y todos mis hermanos y hermanas, todos nos mantuvimos saludables hasta que dejamos el hogar.” —Rennie Green Edmund Greene recuerda haber ordeñado las vacas de su vecino a cambio de una parte de la leche y recibir okra de vecinos que no se podía comprar en la tienda. “Si teníamos cosas de más, las dejábamos en las casas de las personas que sabíamos que lo necesitaban.” En 1972, en un esfuerzo por combatir la pobreza, los vecinos crearon la Corporación del Centro Comunitario Valley Truck Farms para formalizar esta economía de intercambio. En el verano de 1975, recibieron una subvención para emplear a 200 jóvenes que aprendieron jardinería de los ancianos de la comunidad y compartieron la cosecha con familias necesitadas. El San Bernardino Sun celebró cómo “jóvenes y mayores unieron manos para construir un oasis de jardín.” Garfield Hinchen con sus nietos visitando a los animales en la granja, cortesía de Janice Wilson</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Pastor Percy Harper, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/7171bbc1-590e-4077-bdce-e479a2875ff2/04_Gudis_StMarks_Cheri%2B_IMG_2087.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Visitantes Star y Aicheria Bell (izquierda y derecha) con Jeanice Inghram, quien creció en el Valle, 28 de julio de 2024. Foto: Catherine Gudis.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/28f9c240-1191-4ac5-8d14-2233fca374a4/2023.001.011.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>El grupo Excel-All Women fue fundado por Espanola Larkin y otras mujeres de la comunidad del Valle en la década de 1950. Según se informa en el Valley Truck Farms Scrapbook, "Su Clubhouse en Lincoln Avenue albergaba obras infantiles, funciones musicales y entretenimiento nocturno los sábados." También ayudaron a movilizar a la comunidad para votar y apoyar las escuelas. De 1947 a 1960, la Sra. Larkin también escribió, mecanografió y distribuyó un periódico mensual de una a tres páginas llamado The Valley Scroll. Grupo Excel-All Women con Eula Saville, la Sra. Larkin, Alice Sneed, la Sra. Jackson y otros miembros de la comunidad aún no identificados, cortesía de Donald Jackson</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Himnario, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Annette Overstreet y Myrna Overstreet Spear, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Instalación de fotografías de archivo y nuevas de la iglesia y la congregación por Tamara Cedré, 2024. Foto: Audrey Maier.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/9f0e67e8-1122-4010-a92d-95202f61edda/7_SM.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Iglesia Bautista St. Mark's, 2024</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/a1cc1c55-4134-4c7e-9bb8-e47ce0dce2d9/06_Gudis_St.Marks_Sanctuary_IMG_2065.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Proyección en el santuario de la iglesia del video Valley Truck Farms de Tamara Cedré, 2024. Foto: Catherine Gudis.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/b38f067a-cfff-4afb-8d2e-d7941970299d/2023.001.077.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Valley Truck Farms fue hogar de muchos emprendedores. Algunos comenzaron pequeños negocios como tiendas de dulces o salones de belleza desde sus casas y en las fachadas de las tiendas del vecindario. Ola McDowell y su esposo dirigieron el McDowell’s Cafe en la esquina de Waterman Ave. y Norman Road en las décadas de 1940 y 1950. Más tarde, los Overstreet administraría el Spotlight Cafe y varios otros negocios en Waterman &amp; Central. “Los edificios ya no están. Teníamos el café. Teníamos una tienda. Teníamos una sala de billar. Teníamos una imprenta y una barbería... Y la ciudad nos obligó a derribar esos edificios.” —Annette Overstreet Annette Overstreet cortando cabello en el pequeño salón que dirigía desde su propia casa, cortesía de Annette Overstreet.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/46c5e7e7-06f0-4800-bb41-f76c823446ec/8_SM.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Vestíbulo de St. Mark's, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Deacon y Bobbie Owens (Faithful Covenant Missionary Baptist Church), 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Miembro de la congregación con una foto de su infancia en Valley Truck Farms, 28 de julio de 2024. Foto: Catherine Gudis.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Servicio Dominical, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Familias de Valley Truck Farms recuerdan el pasado a través de fotos históricas, 28 de julio de 2024. Foto: Audrey Maier.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>En la década de 1940, Dorothy Inghram se convirtió en maestra y luego en directora de la Mill School. Exigió excelencia, reclutó a profesoreres negros y ayudó a allanar caminos hacia la educación superior para muchos estudiantes. La Sra. Inghram resistió las limitaciones implícitas impuestas a demasiados niños negros. “Nos estaban enseñando cómo limpiar casas. Eso fue lo que realmente la molestó. Así que, eventualmente, reunió a todos y era algo así como, ‘Vas a aprender. Leerás. No me dirás que no.’ Ya sabes, y fue algo muy importante.” —Irma Jackson Forward Después de que se contrató al segundo maestro negro, la mayoría de los estudiantes blancos huyeron de la escuela hasta que el Distrito Escolar de San Bernardino comenzó a rechazar las transferencias. Mill School cerró en 1968 debido a que la contaminación acústica aumentó por la cercanía de la Base de la Fuerza Aérea de Norton y los funcionarios estaban preocupados de que la trayectoria de vuelo pusiera en riesgo a la escuela. “El día en que vi que derribaron la escuela, realmente se me llenaron los ojos de lágrimas porque era el último vestigio de mi infancia.” —Dennis Green Fotografía de la clase de segundo grado de Mill School de 1947, cortesía de Annette Overstreet</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Puertas de la iglesia abriéndose hacia los almacenes, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Ja-Nair Johnson, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Celebración de Valley Truck Farms en St. Mark’s, con el diácono Donald Jackson a la izquierda y, en el fondo (izquierda), la casa donde creció, una de las pocas viviendas originales del Valle que aún se conservan, 2024. Foto: Jonathan Arthurs.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>La comunidad realmente se comprometió con los jóvenes. Greta Mixon visitó a los vecinos, el Sr. y la Sra. Merrill Harper, quienes tenían una granja de cerdos frente a su casa. “Recuerdo que incluso en la universidad, cuando volvía a casa durante las vacaciones, iba a visitarlos. ‘Hola, mamá, ¿cómo estás? Dejo mis cosas.’ Luego cruzaba la calle y me sentaba en ese pequeño porche delantero. Me contaban todo lo que estaba pasando en el Valle.” —Greta Greene Mixon “Creo que todos nosotros nos vimos afectados de una manera positiva por la comunidad que tuvimos, al crecer con algunas de las personas mayores y la sabiduría que ellas tenían. Recuerdo cuando me iba para la universidad… Algunas de las personas mayores, ya sabes cómo te dan regalos… Recibí pañuelos de ellos. Recibí dinero de ellos. Pero siempre lo que recibías de ellos, esto me va a hacer llorar ahora, um, era una despedida que decía: ‘Nosotros no tuvimos la oportunidad de ir a la universidad, pero tú sí. Recuerda eso y hazlo bien.’ Y esa era su despedida…” —Denise Brue-Clopton Reunión comunitaria en el patio del Valle para compartir la captura de una excursión de pesca, cortesía de Janice Wilson</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Púlpito, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Deborah Harper, el diácono Jackson y Althea Jackson en la celebración de Valley Truck Farms en St. Mark’s, 28 de julio de 2024. Foto: Jonathan Arthurs.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>El Valle era un tablero de ajedrez de terrenos urbanos y rurales. Ninguno de ellos invirtió en infraestructura para el vecindario rural. Las carreteras seguían siendo en su mayoría de tierra, sin aceras ni alumbrado público, y la comunidad tuvo que abogar por instalaciones recreativas. Algunas inversiones, menos deseables, llegaron con mayor facilidad al vecindario. En la década de 1970, los residentes se quejaron del hedor proveniente de la planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales de la ciudad, que estaba ubicada en el Valle. A principios de la década de 1990, se construyó una estación de transferencia de desechos peligrosos en una calle residencial de la comunidad. Niña en la propiedad de Valley Truck Farms, álbum fotográfico de la familia Greene, cortesía de Edmund Greene</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Cruz, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Sharon Saunders, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Adrian Metoyer III, Chef Spank, el pastor Percy Harper y Trap Kitchen en la celebración de St. Mark’s, 28 de julio de 2024. Foto: Jonathan Arthurs.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Las industrias militares de la Guerra Fría, con la Base de la Fuerza Aérea de Norton y Kaiser Steel, ampliaron las oportunidades laborales para muchos residentes del Valle. La Base de Norton también degradó el medio ambiente del Valle y amenazó hogares y escuelas. Las nuevas regulaciones de la EPA aprobadas en 1969 prohibieron la asistencia federal para viviendas en áreas con alto nivel de ruido, lo que afectó a muchas comunidades en la trayectoria de vuelo de Norton. Ciudades como Redlands lograron desviar las trayectorias de vuelo para proteger los préstamos FHA y el desarrollo residencial futuro. Cerca de la Base Aérea, el Valle no contaba con defensores políticos similares que protegieran la comunidad residencial. "Durante la Guerra de Vietnam, cuando los aviones de combate estaban cargados, despegaban de tres en tres y volaban tan bajo en el vecindario que en realidad se podían ver los cascos de los pilotos en la cabina. En ciertas calles no se podían montar las antenas de televisión en el techo de la casa. Las colocaban en el costado de la casa porque los aviones pasaban tan bajo y estaban cargados, rumbo a Vietnam.” —Rennie Green C-114 Starliner, 1980, cortesía de los Archivos Nacionales</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>El pastor Harper, quien ha servido en St. Mark’s desde 1987, en la celebración del 96.º aniversario de la iglesia, 17 de noviembre de 2024. Foto: Catherine Gudis.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Ya en 1952, Irma Jackson Forward recordó que el jefe de su madre, el presidente de un banco en el centro, le dijo que la ciudad tenía planes para Valley Truck Farms. Cuando ella mencionó la posibilidad de mudarse, él advirtió: “Espera antes de vender para que puedas obtener el máximo por tu dinero… porque todo esto se va a convertir en una zona industrial.” A mediados de la década de 1970, los propietarios de viviendas tuvieron dificultades para acceder a fondos federales para la rehabilitación residencial debido a la proximidad al aeropuerto. A medida que una mayor parte del Valle se incorporabando a la ciudad, Dennis Green recuerda: “Todos los impuestos a la propiedad empezaron a subir debido a la nueva zonificación comercial en tu propiedad. Porque no te permiten remodelarla. No te permiten repararla. Pero ahora tienes un lote comercial.” Rennie Green recordó cómo su vecina encontró una forma de sortear las nuevas reglas. “Ella compró una casa... la trajo en un camión y la colocó en su propiedad. Y la ciudad no pudo hacer nada al respecto.” Maxine Baker Ramsey y Sally Morris frente a la Iglesia Bautista Misionera St. Mark, década de 1970, cortesía de Annette Overstreet</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Túnicas, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Margie Cooper, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>A mediados de la década de 1970, algunos vecinos ya reconocían que el “área no tenía futuro como zona residencial.” Organizaron la Asociación de Propietarios de Vivienda de South Waterman para ayudar a los residentes a enfrentar el cambio. En una reunión con los líderes de la ciudad en 1974, el Pastor George Scott añadió: “Esta es una de las áreas restantes donde se puede obtener una ganancia. Estos hombres se asegurarán de que se obtenga una ganancia. La pregunta es si ustedes compartirán en ella.” Fue planeado a lo largo de un período de tiempo. Primero toman el área del condado, la convierten en ciudad, cambian la zonificación, condenan tu propiedad de manera que no puedas hacer mejoras ni reconstruirla si se quema. Entonces podían describirlo como un área en decadencia, de bajo valor... Entonces vendes tu casa, ellos la demolían, nivelaban el terreno, y ahora es una propiedad comercial de primer nivel. La primera persona que lo convierte no gana nada. La segunda persona que lo convierte se lleva todo el dinero de tu sustento. —Dennis Green Edmund Greene en el jardín de flores de su familia en Foisy &amp; Norman Road, 1970, cortesía de Edmund Greene</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Bendición, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Pam Malone y Deborah Taylor, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>“Han borrado la historia y el pasado de Valley Truck Farms. Ya no existe debido a toda la construcción que está alrededor de los grandes almacenes.” —Dennis Green Aunque la histórica comunidad del Valle está en su mayoría desaparecida, pequeños vecindarios aún permanecen rodeados de almacenes que han crecido alrededor del aeropuerto de San Bernardino. La coalición de Comunidades del Aeropuerto de San Bernardino está movilizando a los residentes alrededor de la antigua Base Aérea de Norton para mejorar la calidad del aire y luchar por empleos mejor remunerados que mejorarán a la comunidad circundante. Las puertas de la iglesia se abren hacia los almacenes, cortesía de Tamara Cedré.</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Arte infantil, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Mr. y Mrs. Dennis Green, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Primera fila, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>La Gran Comisión, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Darlene Jefferson, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Vera Seville, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Ricky Van y sobrina Mylove, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>El jardín delantero de Vera, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Paulene Thomas (sentado) y Eugenia Lucus, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Vera con su hermano en el jardín delantero, 1957</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Carolyn Tillman, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>El jardín trasero de Vera con vista a un estacionamiento de camiones, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Annette Brewer y Pamela Pete, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Documento de la casa familiar White, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Mariam Williams, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>South Waterman, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>John Coleman, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Janice Wilson (sentado a la derecha), Danisha Childs (de pie a la derecha), y la familia, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Pepper Harper, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/df1bc6ff-d781-4b40-ab43-e7c2f9d34ff0/20_000194010010_Murray-Family-Darlo_%26_Tamika_Murray-parents-right-to-left-kids_Darshawna_Noelle_Malaiyah.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tamika y Darlo Murray con Malaiyah, Noelle, y Darshawna, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/660db30af17a6f2004fa1946/02802b3a-2ef0-4797-9478-1c950698fb9f/21_000194020003_Paulene_Aciero.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Pauline Aciero, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Deborah Harper, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Caroline Harper, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Rhonda Fair Cunningham, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Melba Redd, 2024</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Valley Truck Farms</image:title>
      <image:caption>El papá de Vera en la granja, 2024</image:caption>
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